Boltzmann equation

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The Boltzmann equation is a nonlinear evolution equation first put forward by Ludwig Boltzmann to describe the configuration of particles in a gas, but only statistically. However, this equation and related equations are used in other physical situations, such as in optics. The corresponding linear inverse problem is also used in tomography [1]

In reality, the Boltzmann equation is not a single equation but a family of equations, where one obtains different equations depending on the nature of the interaction between particles (see below). Although there has been a lot of progress in the analysis of the Cauchy problem under many circumstances, the broad understanding of the equation and the dynamics of its solutions remains largely incomplete. For an overview of the mathematical issues revolving around this equation see for instance [2]. A basic reference is also [3].

The classical Boltzmann equation

As explained originally by Boltzmann in the probabilistic description of a gas, we assume that the probability that a particle in a gas lies in some region $A$ of phase space $\mathbb{R}^d\times \mathbb{R}^d$ at time $t$ is given by some function

\begin{equation*} \int_A f(x,v,t)dxdy. \end{equation*}

Then, under certain (natural) physical assumptions, Boltzmann derived an evolution equation for $f(x,v,t)$. In particular, if one imposes $f$ at time $t=0$ then $f$ should solve the Cauchy problem

\begin{equation}\label{eqn: Cauchy problem}\tag{1} \left \{ \begin{array}{rll} \partial_t f + v \cdot \nabla_x f & = Q(f,f) & \text{ in } \mathbb{R}^d \times \mathbb{R}^d \times \mathbb{R}_+,\\ f & = f_0 & \text{ in } \mathbb{R}^d \times \mathbb{R}^d \times \{ 0 \}. \end{array}\right. \end{equation}

where $Q(f,f)$ is the Boltzmann collision operator, a non-local operator given by

\begin{equation*} Q(f,f)(v) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\int_{\mathbb{S}^{d-1}} B(v-v_*,e) \bigg( f(v'_*)f(v') - f(v_*)f(v) \bigg) d\sigma(e) dv_*. \end{equation*}

here $d\sigma$ denotes the Hausdorff measure on $\mathbb{S}^{d-1}$, and given $v,v_* \in \mathbb{R}^d$ and $e \in \mathbb{S}^{d-1}$ we write

\begin{align*} v' & = v-(v-v_*,e)e\\ v'_* & = v_*+(v-v_*,e)e \end{align*}

and $B$, which is known as the Boltzmann collision kernel, measures the strength of collisions in different directions.

Collision Invariants

The Cauchy problem \ref{eqn: Cauchy problem} enjoys several conservation laws, which in the Boltzmann literature are known as collision invariants. Take $\phi(v)$ to be any of the following functions

\begin{equation*} \phi(v) = 1, \;\;v,\;\; \tfrac{|v|^2}{2} \end{equation*} \begin{equation*} \text{(the first and third ones are real valued functions, the second one is vector valued)} \end{equation*}

and let $f(x,v,t)$ be any classical solution to \ref{eqn: Cauchy problem}, then we have

\begin{equation*} \frac{d}{dt}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d\times \mathbb{R}^d} f(x,v,t) \phi(v)\;dx\;dv = 0 \end{equation*}

according to what $\phi$ we pick this equation corresponds to conservation of mass, conservation momentum or conservation of energy.

Typical collision kernels

The collision kernel $B(v_*-v,e)$ should depend only on the distance $|v-v_*|$ and the deviation angle $\theta$ given by \[ \cos \theta = \frac{(v - v_*) \cdot \sigma }{|v-v_*|}.\] We abuse notation by writing $B(v_*-v,e) = B(|v_*-v|,\theta)$.

The case $B(r,\theta) = Kr$ is known as Maxwell molecules.

From particle models interacting by inverse $s$-power force, the collision kernel has the form \[ B(r,\theta) = r^\gamma \theta^{-N+1-\nu} b(\theta),\] where \begin{align*} \gamma &= \frac{s - (2N - 1)}{s-1}, \\ \nu &= \frac 2 {s-1}, \\ \end{align*} $b(\theta)$ is some positive bounded function which is not known explicitly.

The operator $Q(f,f)$ may not make sense for if $\gamma$ is too negative or $\nu$ is too large. The equation does make sense if $\gamma \in (-N,0)$ and $\nu \in (0,2)$. Note that for Coulombian forces, $s=2$, $\nu = 2$ and $\gamma = -N$ (see the Landau equation below for this case).

The Landau Equation

A closely related evolution equation is the Landau equation. For Coulomb interactions, the corresponding collision kernel $B$ always diverges, instead in this case, one uses an equation (which is an asymptotic limit of Boltzmann equation) first derived by Landau,

\begin{equation*} f_t + x\cdot \nabla_y f = Q_{L}(f,f) \end{equation*}

where now $Q_{L}(f,f)$ denotes the Landau collision operator, which can be written as

\begin{equation*} Q_{L}(f,f) = \text{Tr}(A[f]D^2f)+f^2 \end{equation*}

where $A[f]$ is the matrix valued operator given by convolution with the matrix kernel $K(y)= (8\pi|y|)^{-1}\left ( I -\hat y\otimes \hat y)\right )$, $\hat y = y/|y|$.


Note that when $f$ is independent of $x$ the above equation becomes second-order parabolic equation where the coefficients depend non-locally on $f$, in particular, one has an apriori estimate for all higher derivatives of $f$ in terms of its $L^\infty$ and $L^1$ norms (via a bootstrapping argument).

References

  1. Bal, G. (2009), "Inverse transport theory and applications", Inverse Problems (IOP Publishing) 25 (5): 053001 
  2. Villani, C. (2002), "A review of mathematical topics in collisional kinetic theory", Handbook of mathematical fluid dynamics (Elsevier) 1: 71–74 
  3. Cercignani, Carlo; Illner, R.; Pulvirenti, M. (1994), The Mathematical Theory of Dilute Gases (Applied Mathematical Sciences vol 106), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag