Differentiability estimates: Difference between revisions

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where $M^\pm_{\mathcal L}$ are the [[extremal operators]] with respect to the corresponding class of operators $\mathcal L$. If the [[Holder estimates]] apply to this class of operators, one would expect that $u_e \in C^\alpha$ for any vector $e$, and therefore $u \in C^{1,\alpha}$.
where $M^\pm_{\mathcal L}$ are the [[extremal operators]] with respect to the corresponding class of operators $\mathcal L$. If the [[Holder estimates]] apply to this class of operators, one would expect that $u_e \in C^\alpha$ for any vector $e$, and therefore $u \in C^{1,\alpha}$.


There is a technical problem with the idea above. The Holder estimates indicate that $u_e$ is $C^\alpha$ in some $B_{1/2}$ provided that $u_e$ is already known to be bounded in $L^\infty(\R^n)$. In order to obtain the estimate starting from $u \in L^\infty(\R^n)$, one applies the Holder estimates successively to gain regularity at every step and then prove iteratively that $u \in C^\alpha \Rightarrow u \in C^{2\alpha} \Rightarrow u \in C^{3\alpha} \Rightarrow \dots \Rightarrow u \in C^{1,\alpha}$. The last step in the iteration illustrates the difficulty. Imagine that we have already proved that $u$ is Lipschitz in $B_{3/4}$, so we know that $u_e \in L^\infty(B_{3/4})$ for any vector $e$. This is not enough to apply the Holder estimates to $u_e$ since we would need $u_e \in L^\infty(\R^n)$.
There is a technical problem with the idea above. The Holder estimates indicate that $u_e$ is $C^\alpha$ in some $B_{1/2}$ provided that $u_e$ is already known to be bounded in $L^\infty(\R^n)$. In order to obtain the estimate starting from $u \in L^\infty(\R^n)$, one applies the Holder estimates successively to gain regularity at every step and then prove iteratively that $u \in C^\alpha \Rightarrow u \in C^{2\alpha} \Rightarrow u \in C^{3\alpha} \Rightarrow \dots \Rightarrow u \in C^{1,\alpha}$. The last step in the iteration illustrates the difficulty. Imagine that we have already proved that $u$ is Lipschitz in $B_{3/4}$, so we know that $u_e \in L^\infty(B_{3/4})$ for any vector $e$. This is not enough to apply the Holder estimates to $u_e$ since we would need $u_e \in L^\infty(\R^n)$. Because of this difficulty, the first versions of the proof assume an extra regularity condition on the family of kernels. This regularity condition can be removed following the methods in <ref name="kriventsov2013c" /> and <ref name="serra2014regularity" />.


==Examples for which the estimate holds ==
==Examples for which the estimate holds ==


=== Translation invariant, uniformly elliptic of order $s$, and some smoothness in the tails of the kernels ===
=== Translation invariant, uniformly elliptic of order $s$ ===


The first situation in which the interior $C^{1,\alpha}$ estimate was proved for a nonlocal equation was if $I$ is translation invariant and [[uniformly elliptic]] with respect to the class of kernels satisfying the following hypothesis for some $\rho_0$ small enough<ref name="CS"/>.
The first situation in which the interior $C^{1,\alpha}$ estimate was proved for a nonlocal equation was if $I$ is translation invariant and [[uniformly elliptic]] with respect to the class of kernels satisfying the following hypothesis.
\begin{align*}
\[
\frac{(2-s)\lambda}{|y|^{n+s}} \leq K(y) &\leq \frac{(2-s)\Lambda}{|y|^{n+s}} && \text{(standard unif. ellipticity of order $s$)}\\
\frac{(2-s)\lambda}{|y|^{n+s}} \leq K(y) \leq \frac{(2-s)\Lambda}{|y|^{n+s}} \ \ \text{(standard unif. ellipticity of order $s$)}
\int_{\R^n \setminus B_{\rho_0}} \frac{|K(y)-K(y-h)|}{|h|} \mathrm d y &\leq C \qquad \text{every time $|h|<\frac {\rho_0} 2$} && \text{(kernel tails in $W^{1,1}$)}
\]
\end{align*}


=== Variant if the kernel tails are $C^1$ ===
The result was first proved in <ref name="CS"/> assuming an extra regularity condition in the family of kernels. This condition was later removed in <ref name="kriventsov2013c" />. For the parabolic version of the problem, it was first done in <ref name="changdavila" /> with the extra smoothness assumption on the kernel, which was later removed in <ref name="serra2014regularity" />.
 
A small variation of the previous result is to assume the class of kernels satisfying the slightly stronger assumptions. A scale invariant class for which interior $C^{1,\alpha}$ regularity holds is <ref name="CS2"/>
\begin{align*}
\frac{(2-s)\lambda}{|y|^{n+s}} \leq K(y) &\leq \frac{(2-s)\Lambda}{|y|^{n+s}} && \text{(standard unif. ellipticity of order $s$)}\\
\nabla K(y) &\leq \frac{\Lambda}{|y|^{n+s+1}} && \text{appropriate decay of the kernel in $C^1$.}
\end{align*}
 
Then, any solution of $Iu=0$ in $B_r$ satisfies the estimate
\[ [u]_{C^{1,\alpha}(B_{r/2})} \leq C \left(\frac 1 {r^{1+\alpha}} ||u||_{L^\infty(B_r)} + \frac 1 {r^{1+\alpha-s}} \int_{\R^n \setminus B_r} \frac{|u(y)|}{|y|^{n+s}} \mathrm d y \right). \]
Other $C^{1,\alpha}$ estimates are obtained from this one using [[perturbation methods]] <ref name="CS2"/>.
 
=== A class of non-differentiable kernels ===
A scale invariant class for which interior $C^{1,\alpha}$ regularity holds and the kernels can be very irregular is given by the following hypothesis<ref name="CS2"/>
\begin{align*}
K(y) &= (2-s) \frac{a_1(y) + a_2(y)}{|y|^{n+s}} \\
\lambda &\leq a_1(y) \leq \Lambda \\
|a_2| &\leq \eta \\
|\nabla a_1(y)| &\leq \frac{C_1}{|y|} \qquad \text{in } \R^n \setminus \{0\}
\end{align*}
for $s>1$ and $\eta$ small enough (depending on $\lambda$, $\Lambda$, $C_1$ and dimension)


=== Isaacs equation with variable coefficients but close to constant ===
=== Isaacs equation with variable coefficients but close to constant ===
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<ref name="CS">{{Citation | last1=Caffarelli | first1=Luis | last2=Silvestre | first2=Luis | title=Regularity theory for fully nonlinear integro-differential equations | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpa.20274 | doi=10.1002/cpa.20274 | year=2009 | journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]] | issn=0010-3640 | volume=62 | issue=5 | pages=597–638}}</ref>
<ref name="CS">{{Citation | last1=Caffarelli | first1=Luis | last2=Silvestre | first2=Luis | title=Regularity theory for fully nonlinear integro-differential equations | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpa.20274 | doi=10.1002/cpa.20274 | year=2009 | journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]] | issn=0010-3640 | volume=62 | issue=5 | pages=597–638}}</ref>
<ref name="CS2">{{Citation | last1=Caffarelli | first1=Luis | last2=Silvestre | first2=Luis | title=Regularity results for nonlocal equations by approximation | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | year=2009 | journal=Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis | issn=0003-9527 | pages=1–30}}</ref>
<ref name="CS2">{{Citation | last1=Caffarelli | first1=Luis | last2=Silvestre | first2=Luis | title=Regularity results for nonlocal equations by approximation | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | year=2009 | journal=Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis | issn=0003-9527 | pages=1–30}}</ref>
<ref name="kriventsov2013c">{{Citation | last1=Kriventsov | first1= Dennis | title=C 1, $\alpha$ Interior Regularity for Nonlinear Nonlocal Elliptic Equations with Rough Kernels | journal=Communications in Partial Differential Equations | year=2013 | volume=38 | pages=2081--2106}}</ref>
<ref name="serra2014regularity">{{Citation | last1=Serra | first1= Joaquim | title=Regularity for fully nonlinear nonlocal parabolic equations with rough kernels | journal=arXiv preprint arXiv:1401.4521}}</ref>
<ref name="changdavila">{{Citation | last1=Lara | first1= HéctorChang | last2=Dávila | first2= Gonzalo | title=Regularity for solutions of non local parabolic equations | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00526-012-0576-2 | journal=Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | issn=0944-2669 | volume=49 | pages=139-172 | doi=10.1007/s00526-012-0576-2}}</ref>
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 13:09, 4 March 2014

Given a fully nonlinear integro-differential equation $Iu=0$, uniformly elliptic with respect to certain class of operators, sometimes an interior $C^{1,\alpha}$ estimate holds for some $\alpha>0$ (typically very small). Assume $I0=0$. The $C^{1,\alpha}$ estimate is a result like the following.

Theorem. Let $u \in L^\infty(R^n) \cap C(\overline B_1)$ solve the equation \[Iu = 0 \ \ \text{in } B_1.\] Then $u \in C^{1,\alpha}(B_{1/2})$ and the following estimate holds \[ ||u||_{C^{1,\alpha}(B_{1/2})} \leq C ||u||_{L^\infty}. \]

A theorem as above is known to hold under some assumptions on the nonlocal operator $I$. A list of valid assumptions is provided below.

Note that the result is stated for general fully nonlinear integro-differential equations, but the most important cases to apply it are the Isaacs equation and Bellman equation.

Idea of the proof

The idea to prove a $C^{1,\alpha}$ estimate is to apply Holder estimates to the derivatives of the solutions $u$. The directional derivatives $u_e$ satisfy the two inequalities \[ M^+_{\mathcal L} u_e \geq 0 \text{ and } M^-_{\mathcal L} u_e \leq 0 \] where $M^\pm_{\mathcal L}$ are the extremal operators with respect to the corresponding class of operators $\mathcal L$. If the Holder estimates apply to this class of operators, one would expect that $u_e \in C^\alpha$ for any vector $e$, and therefore $u \in C^{1,\alpha}$.

There is a technical problem with the idea above. The Holder estimates indicate that $u_e$ is $C^\alpha$ in some $B_{1/2}$ provided that $u_e$ is already known to be bounded in $L^\infty(\R^n)$. In order to obtain the estimate starting from $u \in L^\infty(\R^n)$, one applies the Holder estimates successively to gain regularity at every step and then prove iteratively that $u \in C^\alpha \Rightarrow u \in C^{2\alpha} \Rightarrow u \in C^{3\alpha} \Rightarrow \dots \Rightarrow u \in C^{1,\alpha}$. The last step in the iteration illustrates the difficulty. Imagine that we have already proved that $u$ is Lipschitz in $B_{3/4}$, so we know that $u_e \in L^\infty(B_{3/4})$ for any vector $e$. This is not enough to apply the Holder estimates to $u_e$ since we would need $u_e \in L^\infty(\R^n)$. Because of this difficulty, the first versions of the proof assume an extra regularity condition on the family of kernels. This regularity condition can be removed following the methods in [1] and [2].

Examples for which the estimate holds

Translation invariant, uniformly elliptic of order $s$

The first situation in which the interior $C^{1,\alpha}$ estimate was proved for a nonlocal equation was if $I$ is translation invariant and uniformly elliptic with respect to the class of kernels satisfying the following hypothesis. \[ \frac{(2-s)\lambda}{|y|^{n+s}} \leq K(y) \leq \frac{(2-s)\Lambda}{|y|^{n+s}} \ \ \text{(standard unif. ellipticity of order $s$)} \]

The result was first proved in [3] assuming an extra regularity condition in the family of kernels. This condition was later removed in [1]. For the parabolic version of the problem, it was first done in [4] with the extra smoothness assumption on the kernel, which was later removed in [2].

Isaacs equation with variable coefficients but close to constant

If $s>1$, the following Isaacs equation also has interior $C^{1,\alpha}$ estimates [5]. The family of integro-differential operators has kernels which are the sum of a fixed term $a_0$ (the same for all kernels in the class) and a small term which can depend on $x$. \[ \inf_\alpha \ \sup_\beta \int_{\R^n} (u(x+y)+u(x-y)-2u(x)) \frac{(2-s)(a_0(y) + a_{\alpha \beta}(x,y))}{|y|^{n+s}} \mathrm d y =0\] such that we have for $\eta$ small enough and any $\alpha$, $\beta$, \begin{align*} |a_{\alpha \beta}(x,y)| &< \eta \qquad \text{ for every } \alpha, \beta \\ \lambda &\leq a_0(y) \leq \Lambda \\ |\nabla a_0(y)| &\leq C |y|^{-1} \end{align*} (note that this $C^{1,\alpha}$ estimate is nontrivial in the linear case as well)

Isaacs equation with continuous coefficients

If $s>1$, the following Isaacs equation also has interior $C^{1,\alpha}$ estimates [5]. \[ \inf_\alpha \ \sup_\beta \int_{\R^n} (u(x+y)+u(x-y)-2u(x)) \frac{(2-s)a_{\alpha \beta}(x,y)}{|y|^{n+s}} \mathrm d y = 0\] such that for every $\alpha$, $\beta$ we have \begin{align*} \lambda \leq a_{\alpha \beta}(x,y) &\leq \Lambda \\ \nabla_y a_{\alpha \beta}(x,y) &\leq C_1/((2-s)|y|)\\ |a_{\alpha \beta}(x_1,y) - a_{\alpha \beta}(x_2,y)| &\leq c(|x_1-x_2|) && \text{for some uniform modulus of continuity $c$}. \end{align*}


References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Kriventsov, Dennis (2013), "C 1, $\alpha$ Interior Regularity for Nonlinear Nonlocal Elliptic Equations with Rough Kernels", Communications in Partial Differential Equations 38: 2081--2106 
  2. 2.0 2.1 Serra, Joaquim, "Regularity for fully nonlinear nonlocal parabolic equations with rough kernels", arXiv preprint arXiv:1401.4521 
  3. Caffarelli, Luis; Silvestre, Luis (2009), "Regularity theory for fully nonlinear integro-differential equations", Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 62 (5): 597–638, doi:10.1002/cpa.20274, ISSN 0010-3640, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpa.20274 
  4. Lara, HéctorChang; Dávila, Gonzalo, "Regularity for solutions of non local parabolic equations", Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations (Springer Berlin Heidelberg) 49: 139-172, doi:10.1007/s00526-012-0576-2, ISSN 0944-2669, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00526-012-0576-2 
  5. 5.0 5.1 Caffarelli, Luis; Silvestre, Luis (2009), "Regularity results for nonlocal equations by approximation", Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis (Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag): 1–30, ISSN 0003-9527