Semilinear equations

(Difference between revisions)
 Revision as of 23:05, 31 May 2011 (view source)Luis (Talk | contribs)← Older edit Latest revision as of 19:27, 15 May 2015 (view source)Xavi (Talk | contribs) m (→Stationary equations with zeroth order nonlinearity) (8 intermediate revisions not shown) Line 7: Line 7: == Some common semilinear equations == == Some common semilinear equations == - === The most common elliptic equation in the world (provisional title) === + === Stationary equations with zeroth order nonlinearity === - Adding a zeroth order term to the right hand side to either the Laplace equation or the fractional Laplace equation is probably the theme for which the largest number of papers has been written on PDEs. + Adding a zeroth order term to the right hand side to either the Laplace equation or the fractional Laplace equation is probably the theme for which the largest number of papers have been written on PDEs. $(-\Delta)^s u = f(u).$ $(-\Delta)^s u = f(u).$ - If $f$ is $C^\infty$ and some initial regularity can be shown to the solution $u$ (like $L^p$), then the solution $u$ will also be $C^\infty$, which can be shown by a standard [[bootstrapping]]. + If $f$ is $C^\infty$ and some initial regularity can be shown to the solution $u$ (like $L^\infty$), then the solution $u$ will also be $C^\infty$, which can be shown by a standard [[bootstrapping]]. - Natural question to ask about this type of equations are about the existence of nontrivial global solutions that vanish at infinity, positivity of solutions, radial symmetry, etc... + Natural question to ask about this type of equations are about the existence of nontrivial global solutions that vanish at infinity, positivity of solutions, boundedness, symmetries, etc... Depending on the structure of the nonlinearity $f(u)$, different results are obtained . === Reaction diffusion equations === === Reaction diffusion equations === Line 18: Line 18: $u_t + (-\Delta)^s u = f(u).$ $u_t + (-\Delta)^s u = f(u).$ - The case $f(u) = u(1-u)$ corresponds to the Fisher equation. For this and other related models, it makes sense to study solutions restricted to $0 \leq u \leq 1$. The research centers around traveling waves, their stability, limits, etc... Solutions are trivially $C^\infty$ so there is no issue about regularity. + The case $f(u) = u(1-u)$ corresponds to the KPP/Fisher equation. For this and other related models, it makes sense to study solutions restricted to $0 \leq u \leq 1$. The research centers around traveling waves, their stability, limits, asymptotic behavior , etc... Solutions are trivially $C^\infty$ so there is no issue about regularity. === Burgers equation with fractional diffusion === === Burgers equation with fractional diffusion === Line 30: Line 30: where $u = R^\perp \theta$ (and $R$ is the Riesz transform). where $u = R^\perp \theta$ (and $R$ is the Riesz transform). - The equation is well posed if $s \geq 1/2$. The well posedness in the case $s < 1/2$ is a major open problem. + The equation is well posed if $s \geq 1/2$. The well posedness in the case $s < 1/2$ is a major open problem. It is believed that solving the supercritical SQG equation could possibly help understand 3D Navier-Stokes equation. === Conservation laws with fractional diffusion === === Conservation laws with fractional diffusion === Line 44: Line 44: $u_t + H(\nabla u) + (-\Delta)^s u = 0.$ $u_t + H(\nabla u) + (-\Delta)^s u = 0.$ - The Cauchy problem is known to be well posed classically if $s \geq 1/2$. For $s<1/2$ there are viscosity solutions that are not $C^1$. + For Lipschitz initial data, the Cauchy problem always has a viscosity solution which is Lipschitz in space. The problem is well posed classically if $s \geq 1/2$. For $s<1/2$ there are viscosity solutions that are not $C^1$. - The subcritical case $s>1/2$ can be solved with classical [[bootstrapping]] . The critical case $s=1/2$ was solved using the regularity results for [[drift-diffusion equations]] . + The subcritical case $s>1/2$ can be solved with classical [[bootstrapping]]. The critical case $s=1/2$ was solved using the regularity results for [[drift-diffusion equations]]. == References == == References == {{reflist|refs= {{reflist|refs= + {{Citation | last1=Ou | first1=Biao | last2=Li | first2=Congming | last3=Chen | first3=Wenxiong | title=Classification of solutions for an integral equation | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpa.20116 | doi=10.1002/cpa.20116 | year=2006 | journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]] | issn=0010-3640 | volume=59 | issue=3 | pages=330–343}} {{Citation | last1=Kiselev | first1=Alexander | last2=Nazarov | first2=Fedor | last3=Shterenberg | first3=Roman | title=Blow up and regularity for fractal Burgers equation | year=2008 | journal=Dynamics of Partial Differential Equations | issn=1548-159X | volume=5 | issue=3 | pages=211–240}} {{Citation | last1=Kiselev | first1=Alexander | last2=Nazarov | first2=Fedor | last3=Shterenberg | first3=Roman | title=Blow up and regularity for fractal Burgers equation | year=2008 | journal=Dynamics of Partial Differential Equations | issn=1548-159X | volume=5 | issue=3 | pages=211–240}} {{Citation | last1=Silvestre | first1=Luis | title=On the differentiability of the solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation with critical fractional diffusion | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2010.09.007 | doi=10.1016/j.aim.2010.09.007 | year=2011 | journal=Advances in Mathematics | issn=0001-8708 | volume=226 | issue=2 | pages=2020–2039}} {{Citation | last1=Silvestre | first1=Luis | title=On the differentiability of the solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation with critical fractional diffusion | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2010.09.007 | doi=10.1016/j.aim.2010.09.007 | year=2011 | journal=Advances in Mathematics | issn=0001-8708 | volume=226 | issue=2 | pages=2020–2039}} {{Citation | last1=Chan | first1=Chi Hin | last2=Czubak | first2=Magdalena | last3=Silvestre | first3=Luis | title=Eventual regularization of the slightly supercritical fractional Burgers equation | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2010.27.847 | doi=10.3934/dcds.2010.27.847 | year=2010 | journal=Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series A | issn=1078-0947 | volume=27 | issue=2 | pages=847–861}} {{Citation | last1=Chan | first1=Chi Hin | last2=Czubak | first2=Magdalena | last3=Silvestre | first3=Luis | title=Eventual regularization of the slightly supercritical fractional Burgers equation | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2010.27.847 | doi=10.3934/dcds.2010.27.847 | year=2010 | journal=Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series A | issn=1078-0947 | volume=27 | issue=2 | pages=847–861}} - {{Citation | last1=Kiselev | first1=A. | title=Regularity and blow up for active scalars | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/20105410 | doi=10.1051/mmnp/20105410 | year=2010 | journal=Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena | issn=0973-5348 | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=225–255}} + {{Citation | last1=Kiselev | first1=A. | title=Nonlocal maximum principles for active scalars | year=to appear | journal=Advances in Mathematics}} {{Citation | last1=Droniou | first1=Jérôme | last2=Imbert | first2=Cyril | title=Fractal first-order partial differential equations | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00205-006-0429-2 | doi=10.1007/s00205-006-0429-2 | year=2006 | journal=Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis | issn=0003-9527 | volume=182 | issue=2 | pages=299–331}} {{Citation | last1=Droniou | first1=Jérôme | last2=Imbert | first2=Cyril | title=Fractal first-order partial differential equations | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00205-006-0429-2 | doi=10.1007/s00205-006-0429-2 | year=2006 | journal=Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis | issn=0003-9527 | volume=182 | issue=2 | pages=299–331}} + {{Citation | last1=Cabré | first1=Xavier | last2=Roquejoffre | first2=Jean-Michel | title=Propagation de fronts dans les équations de Fisher-KPP avec diffusion fractionnaire | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crma.2009.10.012 | doi=10.1016/j.crma.2009.10.012 | year=2009 | journal=Comptes Rendus Mathématique. Académie des Sciences. Paris | issn=1631-073X | volume=347 | issue=23 | pages=1361–1366}} + {{Citation | last1=Cabre | first1=X. | last2=Sire | first2=Yannick | title=Nonlinear equations for fractional Laplacians I: Regularity, maximum principles, and Hamiltonian estimates | year=2010 | journal=Arxiv preprint arXiv:1012.0867}} + {{Citation | last1=Cabré | first1=Xavier | last2=Cinti | first2=E. | title=Energy estimates and 1-D symmetry for nonlinear equations involving the half-Laplacian | year=2010 | journal=Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems (DCDS-A) | volume=28 | issue=3 | pages=1179–1206}} + {{Citation | last1=Frank | first1=R.L. | last2=Lenzmann | first2=E. | title=Uniqueness and Nondegeneracy of Ground States for $(-\Delta)^s Q+ Q-Q^{\alpha+1}= 0$ in $\R$ | year=2010 | journal=Arxiv preprint arXiv:1009.4042}} + {{Citation | last1=Felmer | first1=P. | last2=Quaas | first2=A. | last3=Tan | first3=J. | title=Positive Solutions Of Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation With The Fractional Laplacian.}} + {{Citation | last1=Sire | first1=Yannick | last2=Valdinoci | first2=E. | title=Fractional Laplacian phase transitions and boundary reactions: a geometric inequality and a symmetry result | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | year=2009 | journal=Journal of Functional Analysis | issn=0022-1236 | volume=256 | issue=6 | pages=1842–1864}} + {{Citation | last1=Palatucci | first1=G. | last2=Valdinoci | first2=E. | last3=Savin | first3=O. | title=Local and global minimizers for a variational energy involving a fractional norm | year=2011 | journal=Arxiv preprint arXiv:1104.1725}} }} }}

Latest revision as of 19:27, 15 May 2015

An equation is called semilinear if it consists of the sum of a well understood linear term plus a lower order nonlinear term. For elliptic and parabolic equations, the two effective possibilities for the linear term is to be either the fractional Laplacian or the fractional heat equation.

Some equations which technically do not satisfy the definition above are still considered semilinear. For example evolution equations of the form $u_t + (-\Delta)^s u + H(x,u,Du) = 0$ can be thought of as semilinear equations even if $s<1/2$.

Some common semilinear equations

Stationary equations with zeroth order nonlinearity

Adding a zeroth order term to the right hand side to either the Laplace equation or the fractional Laplace equation is probably the theme for which the largest number of papers have been written on PDEs. $(-\Delta)^s u = f(u).$ If $f$ is $C^\infty$ and some initial regularity can be shown to the solution $u$ (like $L^\infty$), then the solution $u$ will also be $C^\infty$, which can be shown by a standard bootstrapping.

Natural question to ask about this type of equations are about the existence of nontrivial global solutions that vanish at infinity, positivity of solutions, boundedness, symmetries, etc... Depending on the structure of the nonlinearity $f(u)$, different results are obtained [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].

Reaction diffusion equations

This general class refers to the equations we get by adding a zeroth order term to the right hand side of a heat equation. For the fractional case, it would look like $u_t + (-\Delta)^s u = f(u).$

The case $f(u) = u(1-u)$ corresponds to the KPP/Fisher equation. For this and other related models, it makes sense to study solutions restricted to $0 \leq u \leq 1$. The research centers around traveling waves, their stability, limits, asymptotic behavior [8], etc... Solutions are trivially $C^\infty$ so there is no issue about regularity.

Burgers equation with fractional diffusion

It refers to the parabolic equation for a function on the real line $u:[0,+\infty) \times \R \to \R$, $u_t + u \ u_x + (-\Delta)^s u = 0$ The equation is known to be well posed if $s \geq 1/2$ and to develop shocks if $s<1/2$ [9]. Still, if $s \in (0,1/2)$, the solution regularizes for large enough times[10][11].

Surface quasi-geostrophic equation

It refers to the parabolic equation for a scalar function on the plane $\theta:[0,+\infty) \times \R^2 \to \R$, $\theta_t + u \cdot \nabla \theta + (-\Delta)^s \theta = 0$ where $u = R^\perp \theta$ (and $R$ is the Riesz transform).

The equation is well posed if $s \geq 1/2$. The well posedness in the case $s < 1/2$ is a major open problem. It is believed that solving the supercritical SQG equation could possibly help understand 3D Navier-Stokes equation.

Conservation laws with fractional diffusion

(aka "fractal conservation laws") It refers to parabolic equations of the form $u_t + \mathrm{div } F(u) + (-\Delta)^s u = 0.$ The Cauchy problem is known to be well posed classically if $s > 1/2$ [12]. For $s<1/2$ there are viscosity solutions that are not $C^1$.

The critical case $s=1/2$ appears not to be written anywhere. However, it can be solved following the same method as for the Hamilton-Jacobi equations with fractional diffusion (below) [13] or the modulus of continuity approach [11].

Hamilton-Jacobi equation with fractional diffusion

It refers to the parabolic equation $u_t + H(\nabla u) + (-\Delta)^s u = 0.$

For Lipschitz initial data, the Cauchy problem always has a viscosity solution which is Lipschitz in space.[12] The problem is well posed classically if $s \geq 1/2$. For $s<1/2$ there are viscosity solutions that are not $C^1$.

The subcritical case $s>1/2$ can be solved with classical bootstrapping.[12] The critical case $s=1/2$ was solved using the regularity results for drift-diffusion equations.[13]

References

1. Ou, Biao; Li, Congming; Chen, Wenxiong (2006), "Classification of solutions for an integral equation", Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 59 (3): 330–343, doi:10.1002/cpa.20116, ISSN 0010-3640
2. Cabre, X.; Sire, Yannick (2010), "Nonlinear equations for fractional Laplacians I: Regularity, maximum principles, and Hamiltonian estimates", Arxiv preprint arXiv:1012.0867
3. Cabré, Xavier; Cinti, E. (2010), "Energy estimates and 1-D symmetry for nonlinear equations involving the half-Laplacian", Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems (DCDS-A) 28 (3): 1179–1206
4. Frank, R.L.; Lenzmann, E. (2010), "Uniqueness and Nondegeneracy of Ground States for $(-\Delta)^s Q+ Q-Q^{\alpha+1}= 0$ in $\R$", Arxiv preprint arXiv:1009.4042
5. Felmer, P.; Quaas, A.; Tan, J., Positive Solutions Of Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation With The Fractional Laplacian.
6. Sire, Yannick; Valdinoci, E. (2009), "Fractional Laplacian phase transitions and boundary reactions: a geometric inequality and a symmetry result", Journal of Functional Analysis (Elsevier) 256 (6): 1842–1864, ISSN 0022-1236
7. Palatucci, G.; Valdinoci, E.; Savin, O. (2011), "Local and global minimizers for a variational energy involving a fractional norm", Arxiv preprint arXiv:1104.1725
8. Cabré, Xavier; Roquejoffre, Jean-Michel (2009), "Propagation de fronts dans les équations de Fisher-KPP avec diffusion fractionnaire", Comptes Rendus Mathématique. Académie des Sciences. Paris 347 (23): 1361–1366, doi:10.1016/j.crma.2009.10.012, ISSN 1631-073X
9. Kiselev, Alexander; Nazarov, Fedor; Shterenberg, Roman (2008), "Blow up and regularity for fractal Burgers equation", Dynamics of Partial Differential Equations 5 (3): 211–240, ISSN 1548-159X
10. Chan, Chi Hin; Czubak, Magdalena; Silvestre, Luis (2010), "Eventual regularization of the slightly supercritical fractional Burgers equation", Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series A 27 (2): 847–861, doi:10.3934/dcds.2010.27.847, ISSN 1078-0947
11. 11.0 11.1 Kiselev, A. (to appear), "Nonlocal maximum principles for active scalars", Advances in Mathematics
12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Droniou, Jérôme; Imbert, Cyril (2006), "Fractal first-order partial differential equations", Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 182 (2): 299–331, doi:10.1007/s00205-006-0429-2, ISSN 0003-9527
13. 13.0 13.1 Silvestre, Luis (2011), "On the differentiability of the solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation with critical fractional diffusion", Advances in Mathematics 226 (2): 2020–2039, doi:10.1016/j.aim.2010.09.007, ISSN 0001-8708