At the end of the LaTeX source file, there is a short postscript file of one page with two figures. The ps file can be downloaded to the printer directly. BODY: %Date: Wed, 25 Jan 95 23:54:55 +0100 %From: Peter Zograf \documentstyle[12pt]{article} \if@twoside m \oddsidemargin 14truemm\evensidemargin 0mm \marginparwidth 85pt \else \oddsidemargin 7truemm\evensidemargin 7truemm \marginparwidth 68pt \fi \topmargin 5mm \headheight 0mm \headsep 0mm \textheight 225truemm \textwidth 150truemm \parindent=7mm \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.8} \setcounter{equation}{0} %\pagestyle{empty} \title{Viscosity of Quantum Hall Fluids} \author{J.~E.~Avron\\ Department of Physics, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel \and R.~Seiler and P.~G.~Zograf \,$^*$\\ Fachbereich Mathematik, Technische Universit\"at Berlin, 10623 Berlin} \begin{document} \maketitle \begin{abstract} \noindent The viscosity of quantum fluids with an energy gap at zero temperature is non-dissipative and is related to the adiabatic curvature on the space of flat background metrics (which plays the role of the parameter space). For a quantum Hall fluid on two dimensional tori this viscosity is computed. In this case the average viscosity is quantized and is proportional to the total magnetic flux through the torus. \end{abstract} \vfill PACS: 72.10.Bg, 67.50.-b {\it{ \footnotesize ${}^*$ On leave from Steklov Mathematical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia}} \newpage Classically, the elastic modulus $\lambda$ and viscosity $\eta$ are tensors of rank 4, which relate the stress tensor $T$ to the strain tensor $e$ and strain-rate tensor $\dot e$ \cite{Landau-Lifshitz}. In the limit of small strain-rates \begin{eqnarray}T_{\alpha\beta}(e, \dot e) = T_{\alpha\beta}(e, 0) + \sum_{\gamma,\delta} \eta_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta}\ \dot e_{\gamma\delta}, \quad\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta =1,\dots,d, \label{c-transport}\end{eqnarray} where d is the dimension of configuration space. The elastic modulus tensor \break \hbox{$\lambda_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta}= -\frac{1}{2}\ \frac{\partial T_{\alpha\beta}(e, 0)}{\partial e_{\gamma\delta}}$} is symmetric in all its indices. Classical Newtonian fluids \cite{Landau} offer no resistance to shear; so, all shear modes are soft and $\lambda$ has rank one. The term $\sum \eta_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta}\ \dot e_{\gamma\delta}$ in Eq.~(\ref{c-transport}) is {\em the viscosity stress tensor} \cite{Landau}. For Newtonian fluids, $T$ and $\dot e$ are symmetric tensors, and consequently, $\eta_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta}=\eta_{\beta\alpha\gamma\delta}= \eta_{\alpha\beta\delta\gamma}$ \cite{Landau-Lifshitz,deGennes}. With respect to substitution of indices $(\alpha\beta\gamma\delta)\mapsto (\gamma\delta\alpha\beta)$, the viscosity tensor splits into symmetric and anti-symmetric parts, $\eta=\eta^S+\eta^A$, where \begin{eqnarray} \eta^S_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta} = \eta^S_{\gamma\delta\alpha\beta},\quad \eta^A_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta}=-\eta^A_{\gamma\delta\alpha\beta}. \end{eqnarray} The symmetric part, being associated with dissipation, is a definite quadratic form on the space of 2-tensors (strain-rates). If a fluid is isotropic, then \begin{eqnarray} \eta^S_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta}\ = \eta \ \delta_{\alpha\gamma} \,\delta_{\beta\delta}+ \xi \delta_{\alpha\beta} \,\delta_{\gamma\delta}, \end{eqnarray} where $\xi$ and $\eta$ are the two {\em viscosity constants} \cite{Landau}. If the fluid is also incompressible, $\xi$ may be put to zero with no loss. This is the normal situation in Newtonian fluid mechanics. The anti-symmetric part of the viscosity tensor describes non-dissipative response. One normally assumes that it is absent because of no compelling evidence to think otherwise. Quantum fluids can have a ground state which is separated by a finite gap from the rest of the spectrum. At zero temperature such a fluid will have a non-dissipative response, with $\eta^S=0$. The anti-symmetric part $\eta^A$ may or may not vanish at zero temperature. For instance, $\eta^A$ vanishes for systems with time reversal symmetry (and this may be viewed as a consequence of Onsager relation \cite{Callen}). Quantum fluids with energy gap and broken time reversal symmetry will, in general, have $\eta^A\neq 0$ at zero temperature. A quantum Hall fluid with a full Landau level gives such an example. The viscosity tensor at low temperature could then be dominated by the non-dissipative part $\eta^A$. The study of the non-dissipative viscosity bears analogies with the Quantum Hall effect \cite{Stone}, the Magnus force in superconductors \cite{Thouless-Ao}, and even with gravity \cite{FS}. Like the Hall conductance, and the Magnus force, the (non-dissipative) viscosity is related to the adiabatic curvature \cite{Berry} and to topological invariants \cite{TKNN}. The connection with gravity comes about because the adiabatic curvature relevant for viscosity is a 2-form on the space parameterizing flat background metrics. In other words, the viscosity stress tensor can be viewed as describing the response of the system to certain adiabatic deformations of the metric. Let us first recall a general fact from the theory of adiabatic response \cite{Adiabatic}. Consider a family of Hamiltonians $H(X)$ which depend smoothly on a set of parameters $X=\{X_1,\dots,X_n\}$ ( $X$ denotes a point in parameter space while $x$ denotes a point in configuration space). Let $|\psi(X)\rangle$ be a (normalized) non-degenerate state of $H(X)$, with energy $E(X)$. Let $X(t)$ be a path in parameter space which is traversed adiabatically; $\dot X$ is the velocity along the path. We assume throughout that the state stays non-degenerate along the path. By the principle of virtual work, $-\frac{\delta H}{\delta X}$ is the observable corresponding to the generalized force related to $\delta X$ \cite{Feynman}. Adiabatic response theory says that, in the adiabatic limit, \begin{eqnarray} \langle \frac{\partial H}{\partial X_j}\rangle = \frac{\partial E}{\partial X_j} + \sum_{k=1}^n \Omega_{jk} \, \dot X_k,\label{basic-transport} \end{eqnarray} where $\Omega_{ij}$ is the (anti-symmetric) adiabatic curvature \cite{Berry}: \begin{eqnarray} \Omega_{ij} \equiv \, Im\ \langle \partial_i\psi|\partial_j\psi\rangle, \quad \Omega_{ij}= -\Omega_{ji}, \quad \partial_j = \frac{\partial}{\partial X_j}. \end{eqnarray} If $H$ is time reversal invariant, then $\Omega_{ij}=0$ \cite{Berry}. The anti-symmetry of $\Omega$ implies no dissipation: there is no change in energy if the system is taken along a closed loop in parameter space. In the special case where $|\psi\rangle$ is a (normalized) multiparticle state corresponding to N non-interacting fermions in the single particle (normalized) states $|\varphi_\ell\rangle\ $ with energies $E_\ell (X)$ (all depending smoothly on parameter $X$) one has \begin{eqnarray} \Omega_{jk}= \, Im\ \sum_{\ell=1}^N \ \langle \partial_j \varphi_\ell|\partial_k \varphi_\ell\rangle, \quad E(X)= \sum_{\ell=1}^N\ E_\ell(X).\label{fermions} \end{eqnarray} To apply all this to viscosity one needs to identify appropriate parameters so that $ \frac{\partial H}{\partial X_j}$ is related to the energy-momentum tensor and $\dot X$ to the rate of strain. We shall argue that this is done by flat metrics (metrics with constant coefficients). Consider a fluid confined to a given domain in d dimensional Euclidean space. The planar parallelogram shown in Fig.~1 is an example for $d=2$. A uniform deformation is represented by the (symmetric) tensor of constant strain \cite{Landau-Lifshitz} \begin{eqnarray} e_{\alpha\beta} = \frac{1}{2}\left(-\delta_{\alpha\beta}+\sum_\gamma\, \frac {\partial x'_\gamma}{\partial x_\alpha} \frac {\partial x'_\gamma}{\partial x_\beta}\right), \end{eqnarray} where $x'$ is a linear transformation of $x$. In two dimensions the deformation space of flat metrics is three dimensional. A two dimensional subspace is associated with transformations that preserve the volume, and the transverse direction may be associated with scaling. One can view deformations as changing the domain while keeping the underlying Euclidean metric fixed. An equivalent point of view is to consider a deformation of the metric, while keeping the domain fixed with $g=I+2e$ \cite{Landau-Lifshitz}. The deformed metric is not Euclidean in general but always has constant coefficients and therefore flat. Convenient coordinates on the corresponding parameter space will be introduced later. Let $H(g)$ denote the Hamiltonian on a domain $D$ in d-dimensional space associated with metric tensor $g$ with constant coefficients $g_{\alpha\beta}$ viewed as external parameters. By the principle of virtual work \cite{Feynman}, $-\frac{\delta H}{\delta e} =-2\ \frac{\delta H}{\delta g} $ is the observable associated with {\em total} stress tensor, $ \int_D T_{\alpha\beta}(x)\ d\,vol(x)$. (The total stress has dimension of energy, while the stress has the dimension of pressure). For example, for a free particle of mass m in $D$ the kinetic energy is \begin{eqnarray} H(g) = \frac{m}{2}\ \sum\, g^{\alpha\beta}\, v_\alpha v_\beta ,\end{eqnarray} and the total stress is the observable \begin{eqnarray}-\frac{\partial H}{\partial e_{\alpha\beta}} \Big|_{e=0}= m\ v_\alpha v_\beta.\end{eqnarray} This is reminiscent of general relativity where the (local) energy-momentum tensor is related to the variation of the action due to (local) deformation of the metric. Adiabatic deformations of the strain give the quantum version of Eq. (\ref{c-transport}): \begin{eqnarray} \langle \frac{\partial H}{\partial e_{\alpha\beta}}\rangle= \frac{\partial E} {\partial e_{\alpha\beta}} + \sum_{\gamma,\delta=1}^d \Omega_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta} \, \dot e_{\gamma\delta}.\label{q-transport} \end{eqnarray} The elastic modulus tensor $\lambda_{\alpha\beta\gamma\delta}= \frac{1}{2}\ \frac{\partial^2 \, E}{\partial e_{\alpha\beta}\,\partial e_{\gamma\delta}}$ is manifestly symmetric in all its indices. The adiabatic curvature plays here the role of non-dissipative viscosity. For homogeneous fluids the viscosity tensor and the adiabatic curvature are related by \begin{eqnarray} \Omega=V\ \eta^A,\end{eqnarray} where $V$ is the volume of the fluid. The adiabatic curvature $\Omega$ has units of Planck constant $\hbar$. This is analogous to the situation in the quantum Hall effect where the adiabatic curvature (=conductance) has units of $e^2/\hbar$. Let us illustrate these ideas on a concrete example. Consider two dimensional Quantum Hall fluid on a torus, such as in Fig.1, with opposite sides identified. Explicitly, let $Q$ be the unit square in configuration space: $(x,y)\in Q =[0,1]\times[0,1]$. We shall choose the following coordinates on the deformation space of flat metrics: $\{V,\tau_1,\tau_2\ |\ V,\tau_2 >0\}$. By $V= \sqrt{\det g}$ we denote the area and we use complex variable $\tau=\tau_1+i\,\tau_2$ to parameterize deformations that preserve the volume. The flat metrics $g(V,\tau)$ are: \begin{eqnarray} g(V,\tau)=\frac{V}{\tau_2} (dx^2 +2 \tau_1 dx\,dy +|\tau|^2\,dy^2),\quad x,y\in Q.\label{metric} \end{eqnarray} The Landau Hamiltonian describes the kinetic energy of a charged (spinless) particle in a constant magnetic field, and Aharonov-Bohm gauge fields. It is given by \begin{eqnarray} H(V,\tau, \phi) = \frac{1}{V\tau_2}\left( |\tau|^2 D_x^2 - \tau_1\,(D_xD_y+D_yD_x) +D_y^2\right),\label{hamiltonian} \end{eqnarray} where $D_x=-i\partial_x+2\pi( B y+\phi_1+B/2)$, $D_y=-i\partial_y+2\pi(\phi_2+B/2)$; $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$ are associated with two Aharonov-Bohm fluxes, and the integer $B$ is the number of magnetic flux quanta through torus. (Note that in our units $1$ is the unit of quantum flux, $hc/e$.) We impose the usual magnetic translation boundary conditions \cite{Zak}: \begin{eqnarray} \psi(x+1,y)=\psi(x,y), \quad \psi(x,y+1)= e^{-2\pi i Bx}\,\psi(x,y). \end{eqnarray} The (single particle) ground state is $B$-fold degenerate with energy $E =2\pi B/V$ independent of $\tau$ and $\phi$. The ground state of a full Landau level has energy $E=2\pi B^2/V$ and is separated by a gap from the rest of the spectrum. (For a non-relativistic spinning electron, described by Pauli equation, one has $E=0$). It follows from Eq. (\ref{q-transport}) that the only non-zero component of the elastic modulus tensor is $\lambda_{VV}= 2\pi B^2/V^3$ corresponding to finite compressibility. All other components of $\lambda$ vanish, as they should, for a fluid; the two shear modes are soft. An orthonormal, smooth, family of single particle states that span the lowest Landau level is in fact given by theta functions \cite{Mumford}: \begin{eqnarray} \varphi_\ell(x,y)= \frac{(2 \,\tau_2\ B)^{1/4}}{V^{1/2}}\ \sum_{n=-\infty} ^{\infty} e^{i\pi\tau B (\tilde y+n)^2}\,e^{-2i\pi(\phi_2+B/2)(\tilde y+n)}\, e^{2\pi i(nB+\ell) x}, \label{wave-function}\end{eqnarray} where $\tilde y =y +\ell/B +\phi_1/B+1/2$ and $\quad \ell=0,\dots,B-1$. A little computation shows that the component of the adiabatic curvature in Eq. (6), which corresponds to the $\ell$-th state, is: \begin{eqnarray} \sum_{i