Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="-------------0704240306694" This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ---------------0704240306694 Content-Type: text/plain; name="07-100.comments" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="07-100.comments" This paper is a revised version of mp_arc 06-368 "The zero modes and the zero resonances of Dirac operators" by Yoshimi Saito and Tomio Umeda. The paper will appear in Hokkaido Mathematical Journal. ---------------0704240306694 Content-Type: text/plain; name="07-100.keywords" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="07-100.keywords" Dirac operators, Weyl-Dirac operators, zero modes, zero resonances, the limiting absorption principle ---------------0704240306694 Content-Type: application/x-tex; name="SU690.tex" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline; filename="SU690.tex" \documentclass[a4paper, 11pt,reqno]{amsart} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} \newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}[section] \newtheorem{prop}{Proposition}[section] \newtheorem{lem}{Lemma}[section] \newtheorem{rem}{Remark}[section] \newtheorem{cor}{Corollary}[section] \makeatletter \renewcommand{\theequation}{\thesection.\arabic{equation}} \@addtoreset{equation}{section} \makeatother \begin{document} \baselineskip=1.3\baselineskip \title[Massless Dirac operators]{The zero modes and zero resonances\\ of massless Dirac operators } \author{Yoshimi Sait\={o} and Tomio Umeda\\} \address{ Department of Mathematics \\ University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA} \email{saito@math.uab.edu} \address{Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2201, Japan } \email{umeda@sci.u-hyogo.ac.jp} \date{} \maketitle \vspace{20pt} \textbf{Abstract.} The zero modes and zero resonances of the Dirac operator $H=\alpha\cdot D + Q(x)$ are discussed, where $\alpha= (\alpha_1, \, \alpha_2, \, \alpha_3)$ is the triple of $4 \times 4$ Dirac matrices, $ D=\frac{1}{\, i \,} \nabla_x$, and $Q(x)=\big( q_{jk} (x) \big)$ is a $4\times 4$ Hermitian matrix-valued function with $| q_{jk}(x) | \le C \langle x \rangle^{-\rho} $, $\rho >1$. We shall show that every zero mode $f(x)$ is continuous on ${\mathbb R}^3$ and decays at infinity with the decay rate $|x|^{-2}$. Also, we shall show that $H$ has no zero resonance if $\rho > 3/2$. \vspace{15pt} \textbf{Key words:} Dirac operators, Weyl-Dirac operators, zero modes, zero resonances, the limiting absorption principle \vspace{15pt} \textbf{The 2000 Mathematical Subject Classification:} 35Q40, 35P99, 81Q10 \newpage \section{Introduction} This paper is concerned with the massless Dirac operator % \begin{equation} \label{eqn:1-1} H= \alpha \cdot D + Q(x), \quad D=\frac{1}{\, i \,} \nabla_x, \,\,\, x \in {\mathbb R}^3, \end{equation} % where $\alpha= (\alpha_1, \, \alpha_2, \, \alpha_3)$ is the triple of $4 \times 4$ Dirac matrices % \begin{equation*}\label{eqn:1-2} \alpha_j = \begin{pmatrix} \mathbf 0 &\sigma_j \\ \sigma_j & \mathbf 0 \end{pmatrix} \qquad (j = 1, \, 2, \, 3) \end{equation*} with the $2\times 2$ zero matrix $\mathbf 0$ and the triple of $2 \times 2$ Pauli matrices % \begin{equation*}\label{eqn:1-3} \sigma_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 0&1 \\ 1& 0 \end{pmatrix}, \,\,\, \sigma_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 0& -i \\ i&0 \end{pmatrix}, \,\,\, \sigma_3 = \begin{pmatrix} 1&0 \\ 0&-1 \end{pmatrix}, \end{equation*} % and $Q(x)$ is a $4\times 4$ Hermitian matrix-valued function decaying at infinity. We would like to emphasize that one can regard the operator (\ref{eqn:1-1}) as a generalization of the operator % \begin{equation} \label{eqn:1-4} \alpha\cdot \big(D - A(x) \big) + q(x) I_4 , \end{equation} % where $(q, A)$ is an electromagnetic potential and $I_4$ is a $4\times 4$ identity matrix, by taking $Q(x)$ to be $- \alpha\cdot A(x) + q(x) I_4$. In the case where $q(x)\equiv 0$, the operator (\ref{eqn:1-4}) becomes of the form % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:1-4-1} \alpha\cdot \big(D - A(x) \big) = \begin{pmatrix} \mathbf 0 &\sigma \cdot (D -A(x)) \\ \sigma \cdot (D -A(x)) & \mathbf 0 \end{pmatrix}. \end{equation*} % The component $\sigma \cdot (D -A(x))$ is called the Weyl-Dirac operator. See Balinsky and Evans \cite{BalinEvan2}. In the paper by Fr\"ohlich, Lieb and Loss \cite{FrohlichLiebLoss}, it was found that the existence of zero modes (i.e., eigenfunctions with the zero eigenvalue) of the Weyl-Dirac operator plays a crucial role in the study of stability of Coulomb systems with magnetic fields. (For the precise definition of zero modes, see Definition 1.1 in the latter part of this section.) Loss and Yau \cite{LossYau} were the first to construct zero modes of the Weyl-Dirac operator and their results were usefully applied in \cite{FrohlichLiebLoss}. Since then, the zero modes of the Dirac operator $\alpha \cdot (D -A(x))$, the Weyl-Dirac operator $\sigma \cdot (D -A(x))$ and the Pauli operator $\{ \sigma \cdot (D -A(x)) \}^2 + q(x) I_2$ have attracted a considerable attention. It is now widely understood that the zero modes have deep and fruitful implications from the view point of mathematics as well as physics. See Adam, Muratori and Nash \cite{AdamMuratoriNash1}, \cite{AdamMuratoriNash2}, \cite{AdamMuratoriNash3}, Balinsky and Evans \cite{BalinEvan1}, \cite{BalinEvan2}, \cite{BalinEvan3}, Elton \cite{Elton} and, Erd\"os and Solovej \cite{ErdosSolovej1}. Also, see Bugliaro, Fefferman and Graf \cite{BugliaroFeffermanGraf} and, Erd\"os and Solovej \cite{ErdosSolovej2}, \cite{ErdosSolovej3}, where their main concern is Lieb-Thirring inequality for the Pauli operator with a strong magnetic fields and, as a by-product, an estimate of the density of zero modes of the Weyl-Dirac operators was obtained. As for the two-dimensional case, Aharonov and Casher \cite{AharonovCasher} are believed to be the first to construct examples of zero modes. See Erd\"os and Vougalter \cite{ErdosVougalter}, Rozenblum and Shirokov \cite{RozenblumShirokov} and Persson \cite{Persson} for recent works. We should like to note that the operator (\ref{eqn:1-1}) also generalizes the Dirac operator of the form % \begin{equation} \label{eqn:1-5} \alpha\cdot D + m(x) \beta + q(x) I_4, \end{equation} % where $m(x)$ is considered to be a variable mass, and $\beta$ is the $4\times 4$ matrix defined by % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:1-6} \beta = \begin{pmatrix} I_2 & \mathbf 0 \\ \mathbf 0 & - I_2 \end{pmatrix}. \end{equation*} % Spectral properties of the operator (\ref{eqn:1-5}) have been extensively studied in recent years. See Kalf and Yamada \cite{KalfYamada}, Kalf, Okaji and Yamada \cite{KalfOkajiYamada}, Schmidt and Yamada \cite{SchmidtYamada}, Pladdy \cite{Pladdy} and Yamada \cite{Yamada}. Finally, we would like to emphasize the significant role of the zero modes and zero resonances in the analysis of the asymptotic behavior, around the origin of the complex plane, of the resolvent of the operator $H$ given by (\ref{eqn:1-1}). One can easily recognize the significance as is suggested by Jensen and Kato \cite{JensenKato} on the Schr\"odinger operator. \vspace{10pt} \noindent \textbf{Notation.} \noindent The upper and lower half planes ${\mathbb C}_{\pm}$ are defined by % \begin{equation*} {\mathbb C}_{+} :=\{ \, z \in \mathbb C \; | \; \mbox{Im }z >0 \, \}, \qquad {\mathbb C}_{-} :=\{ \, z \in \mathbb C \; | \; \mbox{Im }z <0 \, \} \end{equation*} % respectively. By $S({\mathbb R}^3)$, we mean the Schwartz class of rapidly decreasing functions on ${\mathbb R}^3$, and we set $\mathcal S = [S({\mathbb R}^3)]^4$. By $L^2 =L^2({\mathbb R}^3)$, we mean the Hilbert space of square-integrable functions on ${\mathbb R}^3$, and we introduce a Hilbert space ${\mathcal L}^2$ by ${\mathcal L}^2 = [L^2({\mathbb R}^3)]^4$, where the inner product is given by % \begin{equation*} (f, g)_{{\mathcal L}^2} = \sum_{j=1}^4 (f_j, g_j)_{L^2} \end{equation*} % for $f = {}^t(f_1, f_2, f_3, f_4)$ and $g = {}^t(g_1, g_2, g_3, g_4)$. By $L^{2, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$, we mean the weighted $L^2$ space defined by % \begin{equation*} L^{2, s}({\mathbb R}^3) :=\{ \, u \; | \; \langle x \rangle^s u \in L^2({\mathbb R}^3) \, \} \end{equation*} % with the inner product % \begin{equation*} (u, \, v)_{L^{2, s}} := \int_{{\mathbb R}^3} \langle x \rangle^{2s} u(x) \, \overline{v(x)} \, dx, \end{equation*} % where % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:bracket-x} \langle x \rangle = \sqrt{1 + |x|^2 \,}. \end{equation*} % We introduce the Hilbert space ${\mathcal L}^{2,s} = [L^{2,s}({\mathbb R}^3)]^4$ with the inner product % \begin{equation*} (f, g)_{{\mathcal L}^{2,s}} = \sum_{j=1}^4 (f_j, g_j)_{L^{2,s}}. \end{equation*} % % By $H^{\mu, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$, we mean the weighted Sobolev space defined by % \begin{equation*} H^{\mu, s}({\mathbb R}^3) :=\{ \, u \in {S^{\prime}({\mathbb R}^3)} \; | \; \langle x \rangle^s \langle D \rangle^{\mu} \, u \in L^2({\mathbb R}^3) \, \} \end{equation*} % with the inner product % \begin{equation*} (u, \, v)_{H^{\mu, s}} := \big( \langle x \rangle^{s} \langle D \rangle^{\mu} u , \langle x \rangle^{s}\langle D \rangle^{\mu} \, v \big)_{L^2}, \end{equation*} % where % \begin{equation} \label{eqn:bracket-D} \langle D \rangle = \sqrt{1 - \Delta \,}. \end{equation} % In a similar fashion, we introduce the Hilbert space ${\mathcal H}^{\mu,s} = [H^{\mu,s}({\mathbb R}^3)]^4$. Note that $H^{\mu, 0}({\mathbb R}^3)$ coincides with the Sobolev space of order $\mu\,$:$\,H^{\mu}({\mathbb R}^3)$, and by ${\mathcal H}^{\mu}$ we mean the Hilbert space $[H^{\mu}({\mathbb R}^3)]^4$. Also note that ${\mathcal H}^{0,0} ={\mathcal L}^2$ and ${\mathcal H}^{0,s} ={\mathcal L}^{2,s}$. By ${B}(\mu, s \, ; \,\nu, t )$, we mean the set of all bounded linear operators from $H^{\mu, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$ into $H^{\nu, t}({\mathbb R}^3)$, and by $\mathcal{B}(\mu, s \, ; \,\nu, t)$, the set of all bounded linear operators from ${\mathcal H}^{\mu, s}$ into ${\mathcal H}^{\nu, t}$. For an operator $W \in {B}(\mu, s \, ; \,\nu, t )$, we define a copy of $W \in \mathcal{B}(\mu, s \, ; \,\nu, t)$ by % \begin{gather} \label{eqn:mapsto} \begin{split} {\mathcal H}^{\mu, s} \ni f= \, &{}^t (f_1, \, f_2, \, f_3, \, f_4) \\ {}&\mapsto Wf ={}^t (Wf_1, \, Wf_2, \, Wf_3, \, Wf_4) \in {\mathcal H}^{\nu, t}. \end{split} \end{gather} % \vspace{15pt} \noindent \textbf{Assumption (A).} \noindent Each element $q_{jk}(x)$ ($j, \, k =1, \, \cdots, \, 4$) of $Q(x)$ is a measurable function satisfying % \begin{equation} \label{eqn:2-1} | q_{jk}(x) | \le C \langle x \rangle^{-\rho} \quad ( \rho >1 ), \end{equation} % where $C$ is a positive constant. Moreover, $Q(x)$ is a Hermitian matrix for each $x \in {\mathbb R^3}$. \vspace{15pt} Note that, under Assumption (A), the Dirac operator (\ref{eqn:1-1}) is a self-adjoint operator in $\mathcal L^2$ with $\mbox{Dom}(H) = {\mathcal H}^1$. The self-adjoint realization will be denoted by $H$ again. With an abuse of notation, we shall write $Hf$ \textit{in the distributional sense} for $f \in {\mathcal S}^{\prime}$ whenever it makes sense. \vspace{15pt} \noindent D{\scriptsize EFINITION} 1.1. \ By a zero mode, we mean a function $f \in \mbox{Dom}(H)$ which satisfies % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:1-7} Hf=0. \end{equation*} By a zero resonance, we mean a function $f \in {\mathcal L}^{2, -s}\setminus \mathcal L^2$, for some $s > 0$, which satisfies $\, Hf=0 \,$ in the distributional sense. \vspace{15pt} It is evident that a zero mode of $H$ is an eigenfunction of $H$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $0$, i.e., a zero mode is an element of $\mbox{Ker}(H)$, the kernel of the self-adjoint operator $H$. It would seem that there is no decisive definition of zero resonances. A common understanding of zero resonances in the literature is that a zero resonance is a non-$\mathcal L^2$ solution of $Hf =0$ in a space slightly larger than $\mathcal L^2$. (See, for example, Jensen and Kato \cite{JensenKato}.) In dealing with zero resonances in section 2 and later sections, we shall restrict ourselves to the case where $\rho > 3/2$ and $0 < s \le \min \{ 3/2, \, \rho- 1 \}$. Balinsky and Evans \cite{BalinEvan2} is particularly interesting from our view point in the sense that they dealt with the Weyl-Dirac operator $\sigma \cdot (D -A(x))$ and showed that the set of magnetic fields which give rise to zero modes is rather \lq\lq sparse.\rq\rq In this paper, we investigate the zero modes and zero resonances of the operator $H$ in (\ref{eqn:1-1}) under Assumption(A). Our goal is to establish a pointwise estimate of the zero modes as well as the continuity of the zero modes, and also to show that the zero resonances do not exist. \vspace{15pt} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section{Main results} \begin{thm} \label{thm:th-2-2} Suppose Assumption {\rm(A)} is satisfied. Let $f$ be a zero mode of the operator {\rm(\ref{eqn:1-1})}. Then {\rm (i)} the inequality % \begin{equation} \label{eqn:2-2} |f(x)| \le C \langle x \rangle^{-2} \end{equation} % holds for all $x \in {\mathbb R}^3$, where the constant $C(=C_f)$ depends only on the zero mode $f$; \vspace{4pt} {\rm (ii)} the zero mode $f$ is a continuous function on ${\mathbb R}^3$. \end{thm} \vspace{15pt} \begin{rem} It is natural that zero modes exhibit only polynomial decays at infinity. In Loss and Yau \cite{LossYau}, they considered the Weyl-Dirac operator $\sigma \cdot (D-A(x))$, and constructed two examples of pairs of a vector potential $A$ and a zero mode $\psi$. One of their examples shows that $A(x) = O(|x|^{-2})$ and $\psi(x) = O(|x|^{-2})$ at infinity. (Also, see examples in Adam, Muratori and Nash \cite{AdamMuratoriNash1}.) Thus, it is true that the decay rate in Theorem \ref{thm:th-2-2} is optimal at least for $\rho$ with $1 < \rho \le 2$. \end{rem} \begin{rem} In Bugliaro, Fefferman and Graf \cite{BugliaroFeffermanGraf} and, Erd\"os and Solovej \cite{ErdosSolovej2}, \cite{ErdosSolovej3}, they established estimates of the density of zero modes of the Weyl-Dirac operator $\sigma \cdot (D-A(x))$. It is apparent that their estimates immediately imply estimates of each zero mode. These estimates of each zero mode are, however, quite unclear in terms of the decay rate at infinity because their estimates contain local lengthscales of the magnetic fields. \end{rem} \vspace{10pt} Theorem \ref{thm:th-2-1} below means that zero resonances do not exist under the restriction on $s$ mentioned after Definition 1.1. Accordingly, we need a larger $\rho$ than Theorem \ref{thm:th-2-2}. \vspace{15pt} \begin{thm} \label{thm:th-2-1} Suppose Assumption {\rm(A)} is satisfied with $\rho > 3/2$. If $f$ belongs to ${\mathcal L}^{2, \, -s}$ for some $s$ with $0 < s \le \min\{3/2, \, \rho - 1 \}$ and satisfies $Hf=0$ in the distributional sense, then $f \in {\mathcal H}^1$. \end{thm} \vspace{15pt} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section{A singular integral operator} \label{sec:SIO} One of the ingredients of the proofs of the main theorems is a singular integral operator acting on four component vector functions. The singular integral operator we deal with in this section is defined by % \begin{equation} \label{eqn:sio-1} A f(x) = \displaystyle{ \int_{{\mathbb R}^3} i \, \frac{\alpha \cdot (x - y)}{4\pi |x-y|^3} f(y) \, dy. } \end{equation} % for % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:sio-2} f = {}^t(f_1, \, f_2, \, f_3, \, f_4) \in {\mathcal L}^2, \end{equation*} % where $\alpha \cdot (x - y)$ means the sum of the matrix operation $\alpha_j$ for the four-vector $(x_j - y_j) f$: % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:sio-2+} \alpha \cdot (x - y) f = \sum_{j=1}^3 \alpha_j (x_j - y_j) f. \end{equation*} % We shall need a few estimates of $A$ on ${\mathcal L}^2$ and on its subspaces. \begin{lem} \label{lem:siolem-1} For each $f \in {\mathcal L}^2$, $Af(x)$ is defined for a.e. $x \in {\mathbb R}^3$. Moreover, $A$ is a bounded operator from ${\mathcal L}^2$ to ${\mathcal L}^6$, i.e., there exists a constant $C$ such that % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:sio-3} \Vert A f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^6} \le C \Vert f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^2} \end{equation*} % for all $f \in {\mathcal L}^2$. \end{lem} \begin{proof} Since $\alpha_j$'s are unitary matrices and satisfy the anti-commutation relation $\alpha_j \alpha_k + \alpha_k \alpha_j = 2 \delta_{jk} I_4$, we have % \begin{equation*} | \alpha \cdot (x - y) \, f(y)| = |x-y| \, |f(y)|. \end{equation*} % (Note that $|x-y|$ and $|f(y)|$ are the Euclidean norms of ${\mathbb R}^3$ and ${\mathbb R}^4$ respectively.) % Therefore we get \begin{gather} \begin{split} \label{eqn:sio-5} |A f(x) | &\le \frac{1}{\,4\pi \,} \int_{{\mathbb R}^3} \frac{1}{|x-y|^2} |f(y)|\, dy \\ {} & = \frac{\,\pi \,}{2} I_1(\, |f| \, ) (x), \end{split} \end{gather} % where $I_1$ is the Riesz potential; see Stein \cite[p.117]{Stein}. We shall appeal two well-known facts (Stein \cite[p.119]{Stein}) that $I_1(\, u \, ) (x)$ is finite for a.e. $x \in {\mathbb R}^3$ if $u \in L^2({\mathbb R}^3)$, and that $I_1$ is a bounded operator from $L^2({\mathbb R}^3)$ to $L^6({\mathbb R}^3)$ (a special case of the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality). These facts, together with (\ref{eqn:sio-5}), yield the conclusions of the lemma. \end{proof} \vspace{10pt} \begin{lem} \label{lem:siolem-2} Let $s \ge 1$. Then % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:yajima} \Vert A f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^2} \le C \Vert f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^{2, s}} \end{equation*} % for all $f \in {\mathcal L}^{2, s}$. \end{lem} % \begin{proof} In view of (\ref{eqn:sio-5}), it is sufficient to show that the Riesz potential $I_1$ is a bounded operator from $L^{2, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$ to $L^{2}({\mathbb R}^3)$. Let $u \in S({\mathbb R}^3)$. Then we have % \begin{equation} \label{eqn:yajima-1} I_1(u) =\overline{\mathcal F} \, [ \frac{1}{\, 2\pi |\xi| \,} ] {\mathcal F} u, \end{equation} % where ${\mathcal F}$ and $\overline{\mathcal F}$ denote the Fourier transform and the inverse Fourier transform respectively (see \cite[p.117]{Stein}), and % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:yajima-2} {\mathcal F} u (\xi) = \hat u (\xi) = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3/2}} \int_{{\mathbb R}^3} e^{-ix\cdot \xi} \, u(x) \, dx. \end{equation*} % It follows from (\ref{eqn:yajima-1}) and the Plancherel theorem that % \begin{equation} \label{eqn:yajima-3} \Vert I_1(u) \Vert_{L^2}^2 = \frac{1}{4\pi^2} \int_{{\mathbb R}^3} \frac{1}{\,|\xi|^2 \,} \, |\hat u (\xi)|^2 \, d\xi. \end{equation} % If we apply the Hardy inequality (which is referred to as the uncertainty principle lemma in \cite[p.169]{ReedSimon}; also see \cite[p.4.50]{Kuroda-A}) to the right hand side of (\ref{eqn:yajima-3}), we get % % \begin{gather} \begin{split} \label{eqn:yajima-4} \frac{1}{\, 4\pi^2 \,} \int_{{\mathbb R}^3} \frac{1}{\,|\xi|^2 \,} \, |\hat u (\xi)|^2 \, d\xi & \le \frac{1}{\, \pi^2 \,} \int_{{\mathbb R}^3} | \nabla_{\!\!\xi} \, \hat u (\xi)|^2 \, d\xi \\ \noalign{\vskip 4pt} &= \frac{1}{\, \pi^2 \,} \int_{{\mathbb R}^3} | x \, u (x)|^2 \, dx. \end{split} \end{gather} % Combining (\ref{eqn:yajima-3}) and (\ref{eqn:yajima-4}), we obtain % \begin{equation} \label{eqn:yajima-5} \Vert I_1(u) \Vert_{L^2} \le \frac{1}{\, \pi \, } \Vert x u \Vert_{L^2} \le \frac{1}{\, \pi \, } \Vert u \Vert_{L^{2, s}} \end{equation} % for $u \in S({\mathbb R}^3)$, where we have used the hypothesis $s \ge 1$. Since $S({\mathbb R}^3)$ is dense in $L^{2, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$, it follows from (\ref{eqn:yajima-5}) that $I_1$ is bounded from $L^{2, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$ to $L^{2}({\mathbb R}^3)$. \end{proof} \vspace{10pt} We introduce a class of functions which is necessary to establish an ${\mathcal L}^{\infty}$ estimate of the operator $A$. For $q\ge 1$, we define % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:sio-6} L^q_{ul}(\mathbb R^3) = \big\{\, u \in L^q_{loc}(\mathbb R^3) \; \big| \; \Vert u \Vert_{L^q_{ul}} := \sup_{x \in {\mathbb R}^3} \Vert u \Vert_{L^q{( B(x; \, 1) )}} < \infty \, \big\}, \end{equation*} % where $B(x; 1) = \{ \, y \in \mathbb R^3 \; | \;\, |x-y| \le 1 \, \}$, and define % \begin{equation*} \label{eqn:sio-7} {\mathcal L}^q_{ul} = \big[ L^q_{ul}(\mathbb R^3) \big]^4, \quad \Vert f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^q_{ul}} = \sum_{k=1}^4 \Vert f_k \Vert_{L^q_{ul}}. \end{equation*} % \vspace{10pt} \begin{lem} \label{lem:siolem-3} Let $1
3$ by assumption)
and (\ref{eqn:sio-13}).
Similarly, if we apply the H\"older inequality
to $h_1 * \varphi_n$, we obtain
%
%
\begin{gather}
\begin{split}\label{eqn:sio-18}
|h_1 * \varphi_n(x) |
&\le
\frac{1}{\, 2\pi^2 \,}
\Big\{
\int_{|x-y|\ge 1} \frac{1}{\, |x-y|^{2 p^{\prime}} \,} \, dy
\Big\}^{1/ p^{\prime}} \,
\Vert \varphi_n \Vert_{L^p({\mathbb R})} \\
\noalign{\vskip 4pt}
{}&
\quad \le
C_p^{\prime} \Vert u \Vert_{L^p({\mathbb R}^3)} \;\;\quad
\big(
\, \frac{1}{ p^{\prime}}= 1 - \frac{1}{p} \,
\big),
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
where we have used the fact that
$2 p^{\prime} > 3 \;\; (\because 1< p < 3$ by assumption)
and (\ref{eqn:sio-13}).
If follows from (\ref{eqn:sio-14}),
(\ref{eqn:sio-17}) and (\ref{eqn:sio-18}) that
%
\begin{gather}
\begin{split}\label{eqn:sio-19}
|I_1(\varphi_n)(x)|
& \le
C_{pq}^{\prime}
\big( \Vert u \Vert_{L^q(B(x;1))}
+ \Vert u \Vert_{L^p({\mathbb R}^3)} \, \big) \\
& \le
C_{pq}^{\prime}
\big( \Vert u \Vert_{L^q_{ul}}
+ \Vert u \Vert_{L^p} \big)
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
Recall that the Riesz potential
$I_1$ is a bounded operator
from $L^p({\mathbb R}^3)$ to $L^r({\mathbb R}^3)$,
($r^{-1} = p^{-1} - 3^{-1}$),
because of the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality.
This fact, together with (\ref{eqn:sio-13}), implies that
there exists a subsequence $\{ \varphi_{n^{\prime}} \}$
such that
$I_1(\varphi_{n^{\prime}}) (x) \to I_1(u)(x)$ for a.e.
$x \in {\mathbb R}^3$.
Thus taking the limit of (\ref{eqn:sio-19}),
along with the subsequence,
gives (\ref{eqn:sio-9}).
\end{proof}
\vspace{15pt}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Estimates of the resolvents} \label{sec:resolvent}
Another ingredient of the proofs of the main theorems
is the limiting absorption principle (LAP) for
the free Dirac operator
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:reslvnDrc-00}
H_0= \alpha \cdot D.
\end{equation}
%
We note that $H_0$ with $\mbox{Dom}(H_0) ={\mathcal H}^1$ is
a self-adjoint operator in ${\mathcal L}^2$.
The self-adjoint realization will
be denoted by $H_0$ again. It is well-known
that the spectrum $\sigma(H_0)$ coincides with
the whole
real line $\mathbb R$.
With an abuse of notation again, we shall write
$H_0f$ for $f \in {\mathcal S}^{\prime}$.
We first prepare a lemma, which will be needed in
the proof of Theorem \ref{thm:th-2-1} in section \ref{sec:pfthm}.
\begin{lem} \label{lem:sobolev-1}
If $f \in {\mathcal L}^{2}$ and
$(\alpha \cdot D) f \in {\mathcal L}^{2}$,
then $f \in{\mathcal H}^{1}$.
\end{lem}
%
%
\begin{proof}
We take the Fourier transform of $(\alpha \cdot D)f$,
and we have
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:proof-5}
{\mathcal F}[ (\alpha \cdot D)f]
= (\alpha \cdot \xi) \hat f.
\end{equation}
%
Then by using assumption of the lemma
and (\ref{eqn:proof-5}), we see
that
%
\begin{gather} \label{eqn:proof-6}
\begin{split}
+ \infty > \Vert (\alpha \cdot D)f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^2}^2
&=
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
| (\alpha \cdot \xi) \hat f (\xi) | ^2 \, d\xi \\
&=
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
< \!\! (\alpha \cdot \xi) \hat f (\xi) ,
(\alpha \cdot \xi) \hat f (\xi) \!\! >_{\!{}_{\mathbb C}} \, d\xi \\
&=
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
|\xi|^2 |\hat f (\xi)|^2 \, d\xi,
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
where $< \cdot\, , \cdot>_{\!{}_{\mathbb C}}$
denotes the inner product of ${\mathbb C}^4$.
In the third equality of (\ref{eqn:proof-6}), we have used the
anti-commutation relation.
Since, by assumption of
the lemma, $f \in {\mathcal L}^{2}$,
the conclusion of the lemma
follows from (\ref{eqn:proof-6}).
\end{proof}
The task in the rest of this section is to
prove the following theorem,
which is essential in the proofs
of the main theorems in section \ref{sec:pfthm}.
\begin{thm} \label{thm:riesz3-5}
If $f \in {\mathcal L}^{2, -3/2}$
and $H_0 f \in {\mathcal L}^{2, s}$
for some $\, s > 1/2$,
then $AH_0 f = f$.
\end{thm}
%
%
As was indicated at the beginning of this section,
the ingredient of the proof of
Theorem \ref{thm:riesz3-5} is
the
LAP for the free Dirac operator $H_0$.
Our idea of proving it
is based on a decomposition of the
resolvent
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:reslvnDrc-0}
R_0(z) = (H_0 +z ) \varGamma_0(z^2)
\;\; \mbox{ on } \; {\mathcal L}^2,
\quad \mbox{Im}\, z \not=0,
\end{equation}
%
where
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:reslvnDrc-1}
R_0(z) = (H_0 - z )^{-1},
\end{equation}
%
and $\varGamma_0(z)$ in (\ref{eqn:reslvnDrc-0})
denotes the copy of
the resolvent $\varGamma_0(z) =(-\Delta -z)^{-1}$ of
the negative Laplacian
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:laplace-0}
-\Delta = -\left(
\frac{{\partial}^2}{\partial x_1^2}
+
\frac{{\partial}^2}{\partial x_2^2}
+
\frac{{\partial}^2}{\partial x_3^2}
\right).
\end{equation*}
%
See (\ref{eqn:mapsto}) for the definition
of the copy of an operator.
In other words,
we shall not distinguish between
$\varGamma_0 (z)$ in
$L^2({\mathbb R}^3)$
and
$\varGamma_0 (z)$ in ${\mathcal L}^2$.
We believe this will not cause any confusion.
A formal computation, based on
the anti-commutation relation, shows that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:diracsquare}
H_0^2 = -\Delta I_4,
\end{equation}
%
from which one can deduce
(\ref{eqn:reslvnDrc-0}).
The decomposition (\ref{eqn:reslvnDrc-0}) was
first exploited in
Balslev and Hellfer \cite{BalslevHellfer}.
Similar decomposition was also adopted in Pladdy, Sait\={o} and
Umeda \cite{PSU1}, \cite{PSU2}.
We shall divide the rest of this section
into two subsections,
because the proof of Theorem \ref{thm:riesz3-5}
is lengthy.
\vspace{10pt}
\subsection{The resolvent of the negative Laplacian}
In this subsection, we shall state several lemmas,
which are actually well-known and
reproductions of results in
Jensen and Kato \cite{JensenKato} and
Kuroda \cite{Kuroda-A}, \cite{Kuroda-I}.
We shall do this for our later purpose
as well as for the reader's convenience.
We first recall that the resolvent of $-\Delta$ can be
represented as an integral operator:
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:resolventLapc}
\varGamma_0 (z) u(x) =
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{e^{i \sqrt{z} |x-y|} }{\, 4\pi |x-y| \,} u(y) \, dy,
\qquad
u \in L^2({\mathbb R}^3 )
\end{equation}
%
for $z \in \mathbb C \setminus [0, \,+\infty)$,
where
$\mbox{Im} \sqrt{z} >0$.
We next recall well-known inequalities
(e.g., \cite[Appendix A]{Eckardt},
\cite[p.162]{Kuroda-I},
\cite[Lemma 11.1]{Umeda}),
which will be repeatedly used in the present
paper:
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:ekku}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{1}{ \, |x - y|^2 \,
\langle y \rangle^{\gamma}\,} \, dy
\le
C_{\gamma}
\begin{cases}
\langle x \rangle^{-\gamma + 1}
& \mbox{if } \; 1 < \gamma < 3,
\\ {} & \\
\langle x \rangle^{-2} \log ( 1 + \langle x \rangle )
& \mbox{if } \; \gamma = 3,
\\ {} & \\
\langle x \rangle^{-2}
& \mbox{if } \; \gamma > 3.
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
%
\vspace{10pt}
\begin{lem} \label{lem:hs}
Let $s$, $s^{\prime} > 1/2$ and $s+ s^{\prime} >2$.
Then
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:hs-2}
\iint_{ {\mathbb R}^3 \times {\mathbb R}^3 }
\, \langle x \rangle^{-2s^{\prime}}
\frac{1}{ \, |x - y|^2 \,}
\langle y \rangle^{-2s} \, dxdy < +\infty.
\end{equation}
%
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
We may assume, with no loss of generality, that $s < 3$.
Then, by an inequality in (\ref{eqn:ekku}), we have
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:hs-3}
\int_{ {\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{1}{ \, |x - y|^2 \,}
\langle y \rangle^{-2s} \, dy
\le
C_s \langle x \rangle^{-2s +1}.
\end{equation}
%
Since $-2s^{\prime} -2s +1 < -3$ by assumption of
the lemma, we see that (\ref{eqn:hs-3})
implies (\ref{eqn:hs-2}).
\end{proof}
\vspace{10pt}
It follows from (\ref{eqn:resolventLapc}) and
Lemma \ref{lem:hs} that
the operator
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:khs-0}
K(z) :=\langle x \rangle^{-s^{\prime}} \!
\varGamma_0(z)
\langle x \rangle^{-s},
\end{equation}
%
which is represented as
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:khs-1}
K(z) u (x) =
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\langle x \rangle^{-s^{\prime}}
\frac{e^{i \sqrt{z} |x-y|} }{\, 4\pi |x-y| \,}
\langle y \rangle^{-s} u(y) \, dy,
\end{equation*}
%
belongs to the Hilbert-Schmidt class on
${L}^2({\mathbb R}^3)$ for
$z \in \mathbb C \setminus [0, \,+\infty)$:
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:khs-1+}
\Vert
K(z)
\Vert^2_{\mbox{\tiny{HS}}}
=
\iint_{ {\mathbb R}^3 \times {\mathbb R}^3 }
\, \langle x \rangle^{-2s^{\prime}}
\Big| \,
\frac{e^{i \sqrt{z} |x-y|} }{\, 4\pi |x-y| \,}
\, \Big|^2
\langle y \rangle^{-2s} \, dxdy < +\infty,
\end{equation*}
%
where $\Vert \cdot \Vert_{\mbox{\tiny{HS}}}$ denotes
the Hilbert-Schmidt norm.
Note that
%
\begin{gather} \label{eqn:hs-4}
\begin{split}
\Vert
K(z_1) - K(z_2)
\Vert^2_{\mbox{\tiny{HS}}}
\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad \qquad\qquad
\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad \\
\noalign{\vskip 4pt}
=
\iint_{ {\mathbb R}^3 \times {\mathbb R}^3 }
\, \langle x \rangle^{-2s^{\prime}}
\Big| \,
\frac{e^{i \sqrt{z_1} |x-y|} }{\, 4\pi |x-y| \,}
-
\frac{e^{i \sqrt{z_2} |x-y|} }{\, 4\pi |x-y| \,}
\, \Big|^2
\langle y \rangle^{-2s} \, dxdy
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
for all
$z_1$, $z_2 \in \mathbb C \setminus [0, \,+\infty)$.
It follows from (\ref{eqn:hs-4}) that
$K(z)$
is continuous,
with respect to the Hilbert-Schmidt
norm topology, on
$\mathbb C \setminus [0, \,+\infty)$.
Furthermore, we can deduce
from (\ref{eqn:hs-2}),
(\ref{eqn:hs-4}) and
Lebesgue's convergence theorem
that
$K(z)$ can be continuously extended,
with respect to the Hilbert-Schmidt
norm topology, as follows:
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:khs-2}
\widetilde K(z)
=
\begin{cases}
K(z)
& \mbox{if } \; z \in \mathbb C \setminus [0, \, +\infty),
\\ {} & \\
K^+(\lambda)
& \mbox{if } \; z= \lambda + i0, \; \lambda \ge 0,
\\ {} & \\
K^-(\lambda)
& \mbox{if } \; z= \lambda - i0, \; \lambda \ge 0,
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
%
where $K^+(\lambda)$ and $K^-(\lambda)$ for
$\lambda >0$
are defined by
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:khs-3}
K^{\pm} (\lambda) u(x) =
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\langle x \rangle^{-s^{\prime}} \,
\frac{\, e^{\pm i \sqrt{\lambda} |x-y|} \, }{4\pi |x-y|}
\, \langle y \rangle^{-s}
u(y) \, dy,
\end{equation}
%
and
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:khs-4}
K^+(0)u(x)= K^-(0)u(x)
=\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\langle x \rangle^{-s^{\prime}}
\frac{1}{\, 4\pi |x-y| \,}
\langle y \rangle^{-s} u(y) \, dy.
\end{equation}
%
For a later purpose, it is convenient to introduce
a subset of the Riemann surface of $\sqrt{z \,}$
as follows:
%
\begin{gather} \label{eqn:riemann-1}
\begin{split}
{}&\;\; \Pi_{(0, \, +\infty)} \\
&:=
\big( \mathbb C \setminus (0, \, +\infty) \big)
\cup
\{ \, z = \lambda + i0 \; | \; \lambda > 0 \, \}
\cup
\{ \, z = \lambda - i0 \; | \; \lambda > 0 \, \}.
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
Thus, we can say that $\widetilde K(z)$ defined
by (\ref{eqn:khs-2}) -- (\ref{eqn:khs-4})
is continuous on $\Pi_{(0, \, +\infty)}$
with respect to
the Hilbert-Schmidt norm topology.
In view of (\ref{eqn:khs-0}),
we see that $\varGamma_0(z)$,
$z \in \mathbb C \setminus [0, \,+\infty)$,
is a Hilbert-Schmidt operator from
$L^{2, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$ to
$L^{2, -s^{\prime}}({\mathbb R}^3)$.
Hence, in particular,
$\varGamma_0(z) \in {B}(0, s \, ; \,0 , -s^{\prime})$,
and
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:hs-5-0}
\Vert
\varGamma_0(z)\Vert_{{B}(0, s \, ; \,0 , -s^{\prime})}
\le
\Vert
K(z)
\Vert_{\mbox{\tiny{HS}}} .
\end{equation*}
%
Since we have the inequality
%
\begin{gather}
\begin{split} \label{eqn:hs-5}
\Vert
\varGamma_0(z_1) - \varGamma_0(z_2)
\Vert_{{B}(0, s \, ; \,0 , -s^{\prime})}
\le
\Vert
K(z_1) - K(z_2)
\Vert_{\mbox{\tiny{HS} } } \\
\noalign{\vskip 4pt}
(z_1, \; z_2 \in \mathbb C \setminus [0, \, &+\infty)),
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
we conclude from (\ref{eqn:khs-2})
and (\ref{eqn:hs-5}) that
$\varGamma_0(z)\in
{B}(0, s \, ; \,0 , - s^{\prime})$
can be continuously extended
as
follows:
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:laplace-1}
\widetilde\varGamma_0(z)
=
\begin{cases}
\varGamma_0(z)
& \mbox{if } \; z \in \mathbb C \setminus [0, \, +\infty),
\\ {} & \\
\varGamma_0^+(\lambda)
& \mbox{if } \; z= \lambda + i0, \; \lambda \ge 0,
\\ {} & \\
\varGamma_0^-(\lambda)
& \mbox{if } \; z= \lambda - i0, \; \lambda \ge 0,
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
%
where
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:laplace-2}
\varGamma_0^{\pm}(\lambda) :=
\langle x \rangle^{s^{\prime}}
K^{\pm}(\lambda)
\langle x \rangle^{s}
=
\lim_{\epsilon \downarrow 0}
\varGamma_0(\lambda \pm i \epsilon)
\; \mbox{ in } \;
{B}(0, s \, ; \,0 , - s^{\prime}).
\end{equation*}
%
We must remark that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:resolventLapc-1}
\varGamma_0^+(0)u(x)= \varGamma_0^-(0)u(x)
=\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{1}{\, 4\pi |x-y| \,} u(y) \, dy,
\end{equation}
%
and that
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:resolventLapc-2}
\varGamma_0^{\pm} (\lambda) u(x) =
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{e^{\pm i \sqrt{\lambda} |x-y|} }{\, 4\pi |x-y| \,} u(y) \, dy.
\end{equation*}
%
Thus
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:resolventLapc-3}
\widetilde\varGamma_0(\lambda + i0)
\not= \widetilde\varGamma_0(\lambda -i0), \quad \lambda >0.
\end{equation*}
%
Note that the equality (\ref{eqn:resolventLapc-1}) allows us
to use the notation
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:resolventLapc-3-1}
\widetilde\varGamma_0(0)
\big( =\varGamma_0^+(0)= \varGamma_0^-(0) \big).
\end{equation}
%
With the notation introduced in (\ref{eqn:riemann-1}),
we can say that
$\widetilde\varGamma_0(z)$ is a\linebreak
${B}(0, s \, ; \, 0, - s^{\prime})$-valued
continuous function on $\Pi_{(0, \, +\infty)}$.
The following lemmas \ref{lem:lap-1} and
\ref{lem:lap-1-1}
are variants of Lemma 2.1 of
Jensen and Kato \cite{JensenKato},
although we shall give their proofs.
\begin{lem} \label{lem:lap-1}
Let $s$, $s^{\prime}$ satisfy
the same assumption as in Lemma \ref{lem:hs},
and let $\mu \in \mathbb R$.
Then $\widetilde\varGamma_0(z)$ is a
${B}(\mu, s \, ; \,\mu, - s^{\prime})$-valued
continuous function
on $\Pi_{(0, \, +\infty)}$.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
As was mentioned before,
$\widetilde\varGamma_0(z)$ defined by (\ref{eqn:laplace-1})
is
a ${B}(0, s \, ; \,0 ,-s^{\prime})$-valued
continuous function on $\Pi_{(0, \, +\infty)}$.
Then the lemma directly
follows from the inequalities
%
\begin{gather} \label{eqn:laplace-3}
\begin{split}
\Vert
\varGamma_0(z)
\Vert_{{B}(\mu, s \, ; \,\mu , -s^{\prime})}
\le
\Vert
\varGamma_0(z)
\Vert_{{B}(0, s \, ; \,0 , -s^{\prime})},
\quad
z \in \mathbb C
\setminus [0, \,+\infty)
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
and
%
\begin{gather} \label{eqn:laplace-3+}
\begin{split}
\Vert
\varGamma_0(z_1) - \varGamma_0(z_2)
\Vert_{{B}(\mu, s \, ; \,\mu , -s^{\prime})}
\le
\Vert
\varGamma_0(z_1) - \varGamma_0(z_2)
\Vert_{{B}(0, s \, ; \,0 , -s^{\prime})} \\
\noalign{\vskip 4pt}
( z_1, \, z_2 \in
\mathbb C \setminus [0, \,+\infty)). \qquad\qquad\qquad
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
In order to show (\ref{eqn:laplace-3}),
we shall use the fact
that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:laplace-4}
\langle D \rangle^{\mu} \varGamma_0(z) u
= \varGamma_0(z) \langle D \rangle^{\mu} u
\end{equation}
%
for $u\in S({\mathbb R}^3)$ and
$z\in \mathbb C \setminus [0, \,+\infty)$.
We then have
%
\begin{gather} \label{eqn:laplace-5-0}
\begin{split}
\Vert \varGamma_0(z) u \Vert_{H^{\mu, -s{\prime}}}
=
\Vert
\langle D \rangle^{\mu} \varGamma_0(z) u
\Vert_{L^{2, -s^{\prime}}}
=
\Vert
\varGamma_0(z) \langle D \rangle^{\mu}u
\Vert_{L^{2, -s^{\prime}}} \qquad \\
\noalign{\vskip 4pt}
\le
\Vert
\varGamma_0(z)
\Vert_{B(0, s \, ; \,0, -s^{\prime})}
\,
\Vert
\langle D \rangle^{\mu}u
\Vert_{L^{2, s}} \qquad\qquad \qquad \qquad \\
\noalign{\vskip 4pt}
=
\Vert
\varGamma_0(z)
\Vert_{B(0, s \, ; \,0, -s^{\prime})}
\,
\Vert u \Vert_{H^{\mu, s}}, \qquad\qquad \qquad \qquad \quad
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
which implies (\ref{eqn:laplace-3}).
In a similar fashion,
we can prove (\ref{eqn:laplace-3+}).
\end{proof}
\begin{rem} \label{rem:independence-1}
We should remark that ${H}^{\mu, \, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$
in Lemma \ref{lem:lap-1} is
a subset of ${L}^2({\mathbb R}^3)$ for $\mu \ge 0$, but
not necessarily for $\mu <0$. Thus, the domain
of $\widetilde\varGamma_0(z)$
depends on $\mu$ and $s$. Nonetheless, we have
the unique representation of $\widetilde\varGamma_0(z)$
on $S({\mathbb R}^3)$,
a dense subset of ${H}^{\mu, \, s}({\mathbb R}^3)${\rm :}
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:kernelrep-1}
\widetilde\varGamma_0(z) u(x)
=
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{e^{i \sqrt{z} |x-y|} }{\, 4\pi |x-y| \,} u(y) \, dy,
\qquad
u \in S({\mathbb R}^3),
\end{equation}
%
for every $z \in \Pi_{(0, \, +\infty)}$,
where $\mbox{\rm Im}\sqrt{z} \ge 0$.
This representation, together with
the fact that $S({\mathbb R}^3)$ is dense
in ${H}^{\mu, \, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$ for
any pair of $\mu$ and $s$,
ensures that
the extension of
$\widetilde\varGamma_0(z){\big|}_{S({\mathbb R}^3)}$
to
${H}^{\mu, \, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$ is independent of
$\mu$ and $s$
in a certain sense.
However, we shall not discuss about the uniqueness
of the extension
any longer.
In the discussions below, we shall mostly
deal with the extension of
$\widetilde\varGamma_0(z){\big|}_{S({\mathbb R}^3)}$
to
${H}^{-1, \, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$.
\end{rem}
\begin{lem} \label{lem:lap-1-1}
Let $s$, $s^{\prime}$ satisfy
the same assumption as in Lemma \ref{lem:hs},
and let $\mu \in \mathbb R$.
Then $\widetilde\varGamma_0(z)$ is a
${B}(\mu -2 , s \, ; \,\mu, - s^{\prime})$-valued
continuous function
on $\Pi_{(0, \, +\infty)}$.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
We first note that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:laplace-5}
\langle D \rangle^{2} \varGamma_0(z) u
= u + (z +1) \varGamma_0(z) u
\end{equation}
%
for $u\in S({\mathbb R}^3)$ and
$z\in \mathbb C \setminus [0, \,+\infty)$;
cf. Jensen and Kato \cite[Lemma 2.1]{JensenKato}.
(See (\ref{eqn:bracket-D}) for
the definition of $\langle D \rangle$.)
We then combine (\ref{eqn:laplace-5})
with Lemma \ref{lem:lap-1}, and obtain the conclusion
if we appeal to the fact that $S({\mathbb R}^3)$ is
dense in ${H}^{\mu -2, s}({\mathbb R}^3)$.
\end{proof}
\vspace{10pt}
What we shall need in the rest of the paper
is a variant of
Lemma \ref{lem:lap-1-1}, namely a version for
four-component
vector-valued functions, with $\mu = 1$ in the
form described in Proposition \ref{prop:lap-1-2} below.
Thus
$\widetilde\varGamma_0(z)$
in Proposition \ref{prop:lap-1-2} denotes
a copy of $\widetilde\varGamma_0(z)$; see (\ref{eqn:mapsto}).
\begin{prop} \label{prop:lap-1-2}
Let $s$, $s^{\prime}$ satisfy
the same assumption as in Lemma \ref{lem:hs}.
Then $\widetilde\varGamma_0(z)$ is a
${\mathcal B}(-1 , s \, ; \, 1, - s^{\prime})$-valued
continuous function
on $\Pi_{(0, \, +\infty)}$.
\end{prop}
\vspace{10pt}
\subsection{The resolvent of the free Dirac operator $H_0$}
In view of (\ref{eqn:reslvnDrc-0}),
it is convenient for us to introduce
the following operator
valued-functions $\varOmega_0^{+}(z)$
defined on $\overline{{\mathbb C}}_{+}$
and $\varOmega_0^{-}(z)$
on $\overline{{\mathbb C}}_{-}$
as follows:
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:laplace-6-0}
\varOmega_0^{\pm}(z)
=\widetilde\varGamma_0(z^2), \quad z \in
\overline{{\mathbb C}}_{\pm},
\end{equation}
%
in other words,
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:laplace-6}
\varOmega_0^{\pm}(z)
=
\begin{cases}
\varGamma_0(z^2)
& \mbox{if } \; z \in {\mathbb C}_{\pm},
\\ {} & \\
\varGamma_0^{\pm}(\lambda^2)
& \mbox{if } \; z= \lambda \ge 0,
\\ {} & \\
\varGamma_0^{\mp}(\lambda^2)
& \mbox{if } \; z= \lambda \le 0.
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
%
It follows from Proposition \ref{prop:lap-1-2}
that $\varOmega_0^+(z)$ ( resp. $\varOmega_0^-(z)$) is
a $\mathcal{B}(-1 , s \, ; \,1, - s^{\prime})$-valued
continuous function on $\overline{\mathbb C}_+$
(resp. $\overline{\mathbb C}_-$).
Also, it follows from (\ref{eqn:resolventLapc-3-1})
that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:addtional1}
\varOmega_0^+(0) = \varOmega_0^-(0)
=\widetilde\varGamma_0(0).
\end{equation}
%
In order to get expressions of the extended resolvents
of the free Dirac operator $H_0$ in terms of
$\varOmega_0^{\pm}(z)$ introduced in (\ref{eqn:laplace-6}),
we shall exploit the decomposition
(\ref{eqn:reslvnDrc-0})
and a boundedness estimate of $H_0$ in some
weighted Sobolev spaces which
is given as follow.
\begin{lem} \label{lem:dirac-bdd}
Let $\mu$ and $s^{\prime}$ be in $\mathbb R$. Then
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:dirac-bdd-2}
H_0 \in \mathcal B (\mu, -s^{\prime} ; \mu-1, -s^{\prime}).
\end{equation*}
%
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
To prove the lemma, it is sufficient to
show that
%
\begin{equation*}
\langle x \rangle^{-s^{\prime}}
\langle D \rangle^{\mu -1}
D_j
\langle D \rangle^{-\mu}
\langle x \rangle^{s^{\prime}}
=
\langle x \rangle^{-s^{\prime}}D_j
\langle D \rangle^{-1}
\langle x \rangle^{s^{\prime}}
\end{equation*}
%
($j=1$, $2$, $3$) is a bounded operator from
$L^2({\mathbb R}^3)$ to
$L^2({\mathbb R}^3)$.
This fact is a direct consequence of
Umeda \cite[Lemma 2.1]{Umeda0}.
\end{proof}
\vspace{5pt}
\begin{lem} \label{lem:lap-2}
Let $s$, $s^{\prime} > 1/2$, and $s + s^{\prime}>2$.
Then
$R_0(z) \in
{\mathcal B}(-1, s \, ; \, 0, - s^{\prime})$ is
continuous in $z \in {\mathbb C}_{\pm}$.
Moreover,
as ${\mathcal B}(-1, s \, ; \, 0, - s^{\prime})$-valued
functions,
they
can possess continuous extensions
$R_0^{\pm}(z)$ to
$\overline{\mathbb C}_{\pm}$ respectively,
and
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:dirac-1}
R_0^{\pm}(z) = (H_0 + z) \varOmega_0^{\pm}(z),
\quad z \in \overline{\mathbb C}_{\pm}.
\end{equation}
\end{lem}
%
\begin{proof}
We shall give the proof only for
$z \in \overline{\mathbb C}_{+}$.
The proof for $z \in \overline{\mathbb C}_{-}$ is
similar.
As was mentioned before Lemma \ref{lem:dirac-bdd},
$\varOmega_0^{+}(z)$
is
a $\mathcal{B}(-1 , s \, ; \,1, - s^{\prime})$-valued
continuous function on $\overline{\mathbb C}_+$.
Combining this fact with (\ref{eqn:reslvnDrc-0}),
(\ref{eqn:reslvnDrc-1}),
the definition (\ref{eqn:laplace-6-0})
(or (\ref{eqn:laplace-6}))
of $\varOmega_0^{+}(z)$,
Proposition \ref{prop:lap-1-2} and
Lemma \ref{lem:dirac-bdd} with
$\mu=1$,
we see that
$R_0(z)= (H_0 + z) \varOmega_0^{+}(z) \in
{\mathcal B}(-1, s \, ; \, 0, - s^{\prime})$ for
any $z \in {\mathbb C}_{+}$.
Now it is evident that
the second assertion of the lemma follows from
Proposition \ref{prop:lap-1-2} and
Lemma \ref{lem:dirac-bdd} with
$\mu=1$.
\end{proof}
Combining (\ref{eqn:dirac-1}) with (\ref{eqn:addtional1}),
we obtain a corollary to Lemma \ref{lem:lap-2}.
\begin{cor} \label{cor:origin0}
Under the same assumption and the same notation as in
Lemma \ref{lem:lap-2},
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:additional2}
R_0^+(0)=R_0^-(0) = H_0\widetilde\varGamma(0)
\quad
\mbox{in } \;
{\mathcal B}(-1, s \, ; \, 0, - s^{\prime}).
\end{equation*}
%
\end{cor}
\vspace{4pt}
\begin{rem}
In \cite{IftMant}, Iftimovici and M\u{a}ntoiu showed that
the limiting absorption principle
for the the free Dirac operator
$H_0= \alpha \cdot D + m \beta$,
$m>0$, in ${\mathcal B}(0, 1 \, ; \, 0, - 1)$
holds on the whole real line. With the result
exhibited in Lemma \ref{lem:lap-2},
together with the result in \cite{IftMant},
the limiting absorption principle
for the the free Dirac operator
$H_0= \alpha \cdot D + m \beta$
has been established
for all $m \ge 0$.
\end{rem}
\begin{lem} \label{lem:ker3-2}
For $f \in { \mathcal S }$ and $z \in {\mathbb C}_{\pm}$
%
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eqn:3-2}
{}&R_0(z)f (x) \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad
\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \\
{}&= \displaystyle{
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3} \Big(
i\, \frac{\alpha \cdot (x-y)}{|x-y|^2} \pm
z \, \frac{\alpha \cdot (x-y)}{|x-y|} + zI_4 \Big)
\frac{e^{\pm i z |x-y|}}{4\pi |x-y|}
} f(y) \, dy. \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
\end{lem}
%
\begin{proof}
We first recall (\ref{eqn:kernelrep-1}),
which we can write as
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:kernelrep-1-1}
\varGamma_0(z^2) f(x)
=
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{e^{ \pm i z |y|} }{\, 4\pi |y| \,} f(x-y) \, dy,
\qquad
f \in {\mathcal S}, \;\; z \in {\mathbb C}_{\pm}.
\end{equation}
%
We then combine (\ref{eqn:laplace-6-0}) and
(\ref{eqn:dirac-1}), and make differentiation
under the integral sign in (\ref{eqn:kernelrep-1-1}),
which gives
\begin{gather} \label{eqn:3-2-0}
\begin{split}
{}&R_0(z)f (x) =
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{e^{\pm i z |y|}}{4\pi |y|}
(\alpha \cdot D_x +z I_4) f(x-y) \, dy ,
\quad z \in {\mathbb
C}_{\pm}.
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
Noting the fact that
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:differentiation}
D_x f(x-y)= - D_y\big( f(x-y) \big),
\end{equation*}
%
and making integration by parts on the right hand
of (\ref{eqn:3-2-0})
implies that
%
\begin{gather} \label{eqn:3-2-1}
\begin{split}
R_0(z)f (x) &=
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3} \Big(
i\, \frac{\alpha \cdot y}{|y|^2} \pm
z \, \frac{\alpha \cdot y}{|y|} + zI_4 \Big)
\frac{e^{\pm i z |y|}}{4\pi |y|}
f(x-y) \, dy \\
\noalign{\vskip 4pt}
{}& \qquad\quad (z \in {\mathbb C}_{\pm}).
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
A change of variables in (\ref{eqn:3-2-1})
yields (\ref{eqn:3-2}).
(See also Thaller \cite[p.39]{Thaller}.)
\end{proof}
\begin{prop} \label{prop:riesz3-3}
For $f \in { \mathcal S }$
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:3-3}
R_0^{+}(0) f = R_0^{-}(0) f = A f,
\end{equation*}
where $A$ is the singular integral operator
defined by {\rm(\ref{eqn:sio-1})}.
\end{prop}
%
\begin{proof}
In view of Corollary \ref{cor:origin0},
we only need to give the proof for $R_0^+(0)$.
Let $f \in { \mathcal S }$, and
let $\{ z_n \} \subset {\mathbb C}_{+}$
be a sequence such that $z_n \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$.
It follows from Lemma \ref{lem:lap-2} that
$R_0(z_n)f \to R^+_0(0)f$ in
${\mathcal L}^{2, -s^{\prime}}$ as $n \to
\infty$.
This fact implies that there exists a subsequence
$\{ z_{n^{\prime}} \} \subset\{ z_n \}$
such that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:convergence-1}
R_0(z_{n^{\prime}})f(x) \to R^+_0(0)f(x)
\;\; \mbox{ a.e. } x \in {\mathbb R}^3
\;\;\;
\mbox{ as } n^{\prime} \to \infty.
\end{equation}
%
On the other hand, Lemma \ref{lem:ker3-2},
together with Lebesgue's
convergence theorem, implies
that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:convergence-2}
R_0(z_{n})f(x) \to
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
i\, \frac{\alpha \cdot (x-y)}{4\pi |x-y|^3}
f(y) \, dy = Af(x)
\;\;\;
\mbox{ as } n \to \infty
\end{equation}
%
for each $x \in {\mathbb R}^3$.
The conclusion of the proposition now
follows from (\ref{eqn:convergence-1}) and
(\ref{eqn:convergence-2}).
\end{proof}
\begin{lem} \label{lem:riesz3-4}
Let $s$, $s^{\prime} > 1/2$, and $s + s^{\prime}>2$.
Then
$A$ can be continuously extended to
an operator in
${\mathcal B}(-1, s \, ; \, 0, - s^{\prime})$.
\end{lem}
%
%
\begin{proof}
Since $\mathcal S$ is dense in
${\mathcal H}^{-1, s}$, Lemma \ref{lem:lap-2}
and Proposition \ref{prop:riesz3-3} directly
imply the lemma.
\end{proof}
In the rest of the paper, we shall denote the extension
in Lemma \ref{lem:riesz3-4}
by $A$ again. Thus we have
%
\begin{equation*}
R_0^+(0) =R_0^-(0) = A \;
\mbox{ in } \;
{\mathcal B}(-1, s \, ; \, 0, - s^{\prime}).
\end{equation*}
%
\begin{prop} \label{prop:riesz3-5-0}
Let $s > 1/2$. Then
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:adjoint-1}
H_0 A g = g
\end{equation}
%
for all $g \in {\mathcal L}^{2, s}$.
\end{prop}
%
\begin{proof}
Let $g \in {\mathcal L}^{2, s}$ be given.
We then start with the fact that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:adjoint-1+}
(H_0 - z) R_0(z)g =g \quad ( \forall z \in {\mathbb C}_+ ).
\end{equation}
%
Choose $s^{\prime} > 1/2$ so that
$s + s^{\prime} >2$.
We see from Lemmas \ref{lem:lap-2}, \ref{lem:riesz3-4}
and Proposition \ref{prop:riesz3-3}
that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:pair-4}
R_0(i/n) g \to R_0^+(0)g = Ag \;\; \mbox{ \rm in } \;\;
{\mathcal L}^{2, -s^{\prime}}
\quad
{\mbox \rm as } \;\; n \to \infty .
\end{equation}
%
Lemma \ref{lem:dirac-bdd}, with $\mu=0$,
and (\ref{eqn:pair-4})
imply that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:pair-5}
\Big( H_0 -\frac{i}{\, n \,} \Big)
R_0\Big( \frac{i}{\, n \,} \Big) g
\to H_0 Ag \;\; \mbox{ \rm
in } \;\; {\mathcal H}^{-1, -s^{\prime}}
\quad
{\mbox \rm as } \;\; n \to \infty.
\end{equation}
%
Since, by (\ref{eqn:adjoint-1+}),
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:pair-5+}
\Big( H_0 - \frac{i}{\, n \,} \Big)
R_0 \Big( \frac{i}{\, n \,}\Big) g
=g \quad \mbox{ for }\forall n,
\end{equation*}
%
we find that
(\ref{eqn:pair-5}) yields (\ref{eqn:adjoint-1}).
\end{proof}
\vspace{5pt}
We shall need
Lemma 2.4 of Jensen and Kato \cite{JensenKato},
which we shall rewrite in a suitable form
to our setting (cf. Lemma \ref{lem:riez3-5-7} below),
where the operators
$-\Delta$
and
$\widetilde\varGamma_0(0)$
act on four-component vector functions.
The reader should note
that $\widetilde\varGamma_0(0)$
is the same as $G_0$ in
Jensen-Kato's paper.
See (\ref{eqn:resolventLapc-1}) and
(\ref{eqn:resolventLapc-3-1}).
\begin{lem}[\textbf{Jensen-Kato}] \label{lem:riez3-5-7}
Let $s >1/2$. Then
\vspace{3pt}
{\rm(i)} $(-\Delta) \widetilde\varGamma_0(0) g = g$ \
for all \ $g \in {\mathcal H}^{-1, s}.$
\vspace{2pt}
{\rm(ii)} $ \widetilde\varGamma_0(0) (-\Delta)f = f \;$
if $\; f \in {\mathcal L}^{2, -3/2} \ and \
(-\Delta)f \in {\mathcal H}^{-1, s}$.
\end{lem}
%
\vspace{4pt}
\begin{prop} \label{prop:riez3-5-8}
Let $s >1/2$. Then \
$\widetilde\varGamma_0(0) H_0 \, g = Ag$ \
for all $g \in {\mathcal L}^{2, s}.$
\end{prop}
%
%
\begin{proof}
Let $g \in {\mathcal L}^{2, s}$ be given.
Noting that $H_0^2 = -\Delta$ (cf. (\ref{eqn:diracsquare})),
we have
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:identity-10}
(-\Delta) A g
=H_0 (H_0 Ag)
=H_0 \, g
\end{equation}
%
where we have used Proposition \ref{prop:riesz3-5-0}
in the second equality.
Since $H_0 \, g \in {\mathcal H}^{-1, s}$ by Lemma \ref{lem:dirac-bdd},
it follows from (\ref{eqn:identity-10}) that
$(-\Delta) A g \in {\mathcal H}^{-1, s}$.
On the other hand, we find, by Lemma \ref{lem:riesz3-4},
that $Ag \in {\mathcal L}^{2, -3/2}$,
because we can choose $s^{\prime}$ so
that $1/2 < s^{\prime} \le 3/2$ \ and
$s + s^{\prime} >2$. (Choose
$s^{\prime}$ so
that $\max (s, \, 2-s) < s^{\prime} \le 3/2$.)
Now we can apply Lemma \ref{lem:riez3-5-7}(ii) with $f$
replaced by $Ag$, and obtain
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:identity-11}
\widetilde\varGamma_0(0)(-\Delta) A g
=Ag.
\end{equation}
%
It follows from (\ref{eqn:identity-10}) that
the left hand side of (\ref{eqn:identity-11})
equals $\widetilde\varGamma_0(0)
H_0g$. This proves the conclusion of the proposition.
\end{proof}
%
%
\vspace{2pt}
%
\begin{proof}[{\bf Proof of Theorem \ref{thm:riesz3-5}}]
Put
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:identity-12}
g= H_0 f.
\end{equation*}
%
By assumption of the theorem, we see that $g \in {\mathcal L}^{2, s}$
for some $\, s > 1/2$.
It follows from Proposition \ref{prop:riez3-5-8}
that $Ag = \widetilde\varGamma_0(0) H_0 \, g$, {\it i.e.},
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:identity-13}
AH_0f = \widetilde\varGamma_0(0) H_0 H_0f
= \widetilde\varGamma_0(0) (-\Delta)f.
\end{equation*}
%
Since $(-\Delta)f=H_0g \in {\mathcal H}^{-1, s}$ by
Lemma \ref{lem:dirac-bdd},
it follows from assertion (ii) of
Lemma \ref{lem:riez3-5-7} that
$\widetilde\varGamma_0(0) (-\Delta)f=f$. Thus $AH_0f =f$.
\end{proof}
\vspace{15pt}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Proof of the main theorems} \label{sec:pfthm}
\begin{proof}[{\bf Proof of Theorem \ref{thm:th-2-2}}]
We first prove assertion (i).
Let $f$ be a zero mode of the operator $H$ in
(\ref{eqn:1-1}). Then we have
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:proof-1}
Hf = \big( \alpha \cdot D + Q(x) \big) f =0,
\quad
f \in \mbox{Dom}(H) = {\mathcal H}^1 .
\end{equation}
%
It follows from (\ref{eqn:proof-1}) and Assumption (A)
that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:proof-2}
H_0f =(\alpha \cdot D) f = - Q(x) f
\in
{\mathcal L}^{2, \rho}.
\end{equation}
%
(Recall (\ref{eqn:reslvnDrc-00}) for the definition of $H_0$.)
Since $\rho >1 >1/2$ by assumption of the
theorem, we can apply Theorem \ref{thm:riesz3-5}
to (\ref{eqn:proof-2})
and get
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:proof-3}
f = AH_0 f = - A Q f.
\end{equation}
It follows from (\ref{eqn:proof-3}) and
Lemma \ref{lem:siolem-1}
that
$f \in {\mathcal L^2} \cap {\mathcal L}^6$.
It follows from (\ref{eqn:proof-3})
again and Lemma \ref{lem:siolem-3}
that $f \in {\mathcal L}^{\infty}$.
This fact, together with (\ref{eqn:proof-3})
and Assumption (A),
implies that
%
\begin{align}
| f(x) |
\le
\frac{3}{4\pi}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{1}{\, |x-y|^2 \,} \,
| Q(y) f(y) | \, dy \label{eqn:proof-4-1} \\
\le
C \Vert f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^{\infty}}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{1}{\, |x-y|^2 \, \langle y \rangle^{\rho} \,}
\, dy. \label{eqn:proof-4}
\end{align}
%
Noting that $\rho >1$ by assumption,
and applying the inequalities in (\ref{eqn:ekku})
to the integral
in (\ref{eqn:proof-4}),
we get
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:pe-1}
|f(x)|
\le
C \Vert f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^{\infty}}
\begin{cases}
\langle x \rangle^{-\rho + 1}
& \mbox{if } \; 1 < \rho < 3,
\\ {} & \\
\langle x \rangle^{-2} \log ( 1 + \langle x \rangle )
& \mbox{if } \; \rho = 3,
\\ {} & \\
\langle x \rangle^{-2}
& \mbox{if } \; \rho > 3.
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
%
If $\rho >3$, we have already obtained the desired estimate.
If $1 < \rho \le 3$, we plug
the inequalities in (\ref{eqn:pe-1})
into (\ref{eqn:proof-4-1}).
We thus get
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:pe-2}
|f(x)|
\le
C \Vert f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^{\infty}}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{1}{\, |x-y|^2 \, \langle y \rangle^{2\rho -1} \,}
\, dy
\end{equation}
%
if $1 < \rho < 3 $,
and
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:pe-3}
|f(x)|
\le
C \Vert f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^{\infty}}
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
\frac{\log(1+ \langle y \rangle )}
{\, |x-y|^2 \, \langle y \rangle^{\rho+2} \,}
\, dy
\end{equation}
%
if $\rho = 3$.
We find that the inequalities in (\ref{eqn:ekku})
applied to the
integrals in (\ref{eqn:pe-2}) and (\ref{eqn:pe-3})
yields
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:pe-4}
|f(x)|
\le
C \Vert f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^{\infty}}
\begin{cases}
\langle x \rangle^{-2(\rho - 1)}
& \mbox{if } \; 1 < \rho < 2,
\\ {} & \\
\langle x \rangle^{-2} \log ( 1 + \langle x \rangle )
& \mbox{if } \; \rho = 2,
\\ {} & \\
\langle x \rangle^{-2}
& \mbox{if } \; 2 < \rho \le 3.
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
%
Hence, if $ 2 < \rho \le 3$, we have shown the
desired estimate. If $ 1 < \rho \le 2$, we repeat
the same argument again, actually as many times as
we wish.
Summing up, we can obtain the estimate
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:pe-5}
|f(x)|
\le
C_N \Vert f \Vert_{{\mathcal L}^{\infty}}
\begin{cases}
\langle x \rangle^{-N(\rho - 1)}
& \mbox{if } \; 1 < \rho < 1 + \displaystyle{\frac{2}{N}},
\\ {} & \\
\langle x \rangle^{-2} \log ( 1 + \langle x \rangle )
& \mbox{if } \; \rho = 1 + \displaystyle{\frac{2}{N}},
\\ {} & \\
\langle x \rangle^{-2}
& \mbox{if } \; 1 + \displaystyle{\frac{2}{N}} < \rho .
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
%
for any positive integer $N$, where $C_N$ is a constant
depending on $N$. It is straightforward that
for a given $\rho >1$ in Assumption
(A), we can choose $N$ so that
$1 + (2/N) < \rho$.
This fact, together with (\ref{eqn:pe-5}),
implies assertion (i).
We next prove assertion (ii) by
utilizing (\ref{eqn:proof-3}):
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:proof-4+1}
f(x) =
-\displaystyle{
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3}
i \, \frac{\alpha \cdot (x - y)}{4\pi |x-y|^3} Q(y) f(y) \, dy.
}
\end{equation*}
%
Let $x_0$ be any point in ${\mathbb R}^3$, and
let
$\varepsilon >0$ be given.
We choose $r>0$ so that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:proof-4+2}
\displaystyle{
\int_{|y| \le 2r}
\frac{1}{\, |y|^2 \,} \, dy < \varepsilon}.
\end{equation}
%
We then decompose $f(x)$ into two
parts:
%
\begin{gather} \label{eqn:proof-4+3}
\begin{split}
f(x)
&= - \Big(
\int_{B(x, \,2r)}
+ \int_{E(x,\,2r)}
\Big)
\, i \,
\frac{\alpha \cdot (x - y)}{4\pi |x-y|^3} Q(y) f(y) \, dy \\
\noalign{\vskip 4pt}
&=: f_b(x) + f_e(x),
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
where
%
\begin{equation*} \label{eqn:proof-4+4}
B(x, \, 2r) = \{ \, y \; \big|
\,|x - y| \le 2r \, \},
\quad
E(x, \,2r) = \{ \, y \; \big|
\,|x - y| > 2r \, \}.
\end{equation*}
%
Since each $\alpha_j$ is a unitary matrix,
it follows from (\ref{eqn:proof-4+2})
and (\ref{eqn:proof-4+3}) that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:proof-4+5}
|f_b(x)| < \frac{3}{\, 4\pi \,} C_q C_f \,\varepsilon
\quad \mbox{ for }\; \forall x
\in {\mathbb R}^3 ,
\end{equation}
%
where $C_q$ is a constant determined
by (\ref{eqn:2-1}) in Assumption (A)
and $C_f$ is a constant described in
the inequality (\ref{eqn:2-2}),
which we have just proved in
the first half of the proof.
It follows from the
definition of $f_e(x)$ that
%
\begin{gather} \label{eqn:proof-4+6}
\begin{split}
{}&f_e(x) - f_e(x_0) \\
\noalign{\vskip 4pt}
&=
\int_{{\mathbb R}^3} \!
\Big\{
1_{E(x_0, \, 2r)}(y)
\frac{\alpha \cdot (x_0 - y)}{4\pi |x_0-y|^3}
-
1_{E(x, \, 2r)}(y)
\frac{\alpha \cdot (x - y)}{4\pi |x-y|^3}
\Big\} \\
\noalign{\vskip 4pt}
&\qquad\qquad \qquad\qquad \qquad\qquad \qquad\qquad \qquad\qquad
\times Q(y) f(y) \, dy .
\end{split}
\end{gather}
%
To apply Lebesgue's convergence theorem
to the integral in (\ref{eqn:proof-4+6}),
we need the following two facts that
%
\begin{equation} \label{eqn:proof-4+7}
|x_0 - y | \ge r
\quad \mbox{ if } \;
|x_0 - x|