Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="-------------1509130917623" This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ---------------1509130917623 Content-Type: text/plain; name="15-99.comments" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="15-99.comments" 12 pages ---------------1509130917623 Content-Type: text/plain; name="15-99.keywords" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="15-99.keywords" monomer-dimer, cluster expansion ---------------1509130917623 Content-Type: application/x-tex; name="model.tex" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline; filename="model.tex" %\documentclass[prb,aps,floats,amssymb,preprint,showkeys,showpacs,superscriptaddress]{revtex4} \documentclass[reqno]{amsart} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{graphics} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{epsfig,bm} \usepackage{rotating} \usepackage{url} \usepackage{float} \maxdeadcycles=1000 \usepackage{amsthm} \newtheorem*{theorem}{Theorem} \newcommand{\tsum}{\mbox{$\sum$}} \DeclareMathOperator{\subs}{subs} \DeclareMathOperator{\floor}{floor} \begin{document} %% PG 0 %% \title[Monomer-Dimer Cluster Expansion]{ Proof of Convergence for the Lattice Monomer-Dimer Cluster Expansion I, a Simplified Model} \author[P. Federbush]{P. Federbush\\ Department of Mathematics\\ University of Michigan \\ Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA} %% PG 1 %% \begin{abstract} \renewcommand{\theequation}{\Alph{equation}} In a set of papers we address the problem of making completely rigorous the development of our expression for $\lambda_d(p)$ of the monomer-dimer problem on a $d$-dimensional hypercubic lattice \begin{equation}\label{abstract1} \lambda_d(p)=\frac{1}{2}\Big(p\ln(2d)-p\ln(p)-2(1-p)\ln(1-p)-p\Big) +\sum_{k=2}a_k(d)p^k \end{equation} where $a_k(d)$ is a sum of powers $(1/d)^r$ for \begin{equation}\label{abstract2} k-1\geq r\geq k/2 \end{equation} In fact as we will point out one has already rigorously established the convergence of the sum in \ref{abstract1} for small $p$. It is the $d$ dependence of $a_k(d)$ that has yet to be rigorously shown. The study of these papers establishes the convergence of our cluster expansions, resulting in the said $d$ dependence. In this paper we study a cute little problem, claiming the general case can be dealt with as a dressing up of this skeleton problem. \end{abstract} \maketitle %% PG 2 %% \renewcommand{\theequation}{\arabic{equation}} \addtocounter{equation}{-2} \section{The Model Problem}\label{s1} We start by presenting the model problem. It is interesting in its own right, and is after all the study of this paper. $r>0$ is given and real $J_i$ are given, $i\geq 2$ satisfying \begin{equation}\label{1} |J_i|\leq r^i \end{equation} We define \begin{equation}\label{2} Z=Z(N,p)=\sum_{\alpha_i}\prod_i\left((J_ip^iN)^{\alpha_i}\cdot\frac{1}{ \alpha_i!}\right) \end{equation} The $\alpha_i,i\geq 2$ are non-negative integers, and the sum over the $a_i$ in \eqref{2} is over all values of the $\alpha_i$, restricted by \begin{equation}\label{3} \sum_{i=2}^\infty i\alpha_i\leq \frac{pN}{2} \end{equation} We will prove \begin{theorem} There is a $p_0>0$ such that for $0\leq p\leq p_0$ \begin{equation}\label{4} \lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{\ln Z}{N}=\sum_{2}^\infty p^iJ_i \end{equation} \end{theorem} %% PG 3 %% The easiest way to prove this theorem (probably) must be to estimate the corresponding sum to that in \eqref{2} with the $\alpha_i$ satisfying the complementary inequality \begin{equation}\label{5} \sum_{i=2}^\infty i\alpha_i>\frac{pN}2 \end{equation} If this part is ``small enough'' then $Z$ becomes approximately equal \begin{equation}\label{6} Z\cong\prod_i\left(\sum_{\alpha_i=0}^\infty(J_ip^iN)^{\alpha_i}\cdot \frac{1}{\alpha_i!}\right) \end{equation} and the theorem is easily proved We follow a much more devious route to the proof, in this paper. A route whose steps can all be paralleled in the actual problem. \section{Introduction}\label{s2} The cluster expansion approach to $\lambda_d$ of the dimer problem on a hypercubic lattice was presented in \cite{1}. A formal argument was given for the expansion \begin{equation}\label{7} \lambda_d\sim\frac{1}{2}\ln(2d)-\frac{1}{2}+\sum_ic_i\frac{1}{d^i} \end{equation} At present the status of this putative asymptotic %% PG 4 %% expansion is still not clear. In \cite{4}, working with Friedland, a simple extension of the expansion formalism of \cite{1} was made to treat the monomer-dimer problem. This yielded the expresion \begin{equation}\label{8} \lambda_d(p)=\frac{1}{2}\Big(p\ln(2d)-p\ln p-2(1-p)\ln(1-p)-p\Big)+ \sum_{k=2}a_k(d)p^k \end{equation} where $a_k(d)$ is a sum of powers of $(1/d),(1/d)^r,$ with \begin{equation}\label{9} k-1\geq r\geq k/2. \end{equation} The situation is a little complicated. The cluster expansion formalism yields an expression for $a_k(d)$ as a function of the Mayer Series coefficients of the dimer gas. In \cite{4}, repeated in eq~(12)--(20) of \cite{3}, another route was obtained to derive the $a_k(d)$ from the Mayer Series coefficients. Although the two routes certainly give the same answer, this has not been rigorously established. The inscrutable algebraic identity that must be proved is detailed in \cite{5}. It is child's play to see that the second route leads rigorously to an expression \eqref{8} for $\lambda_d(p)$ where the sum converges. %% PG 5 %% But it is the expression in \eqref{8} derived by the first route (still not proved rigorously) for which the $a_k(d)$ have the expression in powers of $1/d$ described before \eqref{9}. Proof of the convergence of the cluster expansion, which we enter into in this paper, will show that the two expressions for all $a_k(d)$ are equal, that the sum in \eqref{8} converges for small $p$, and that the $a_k(d)$ have the indicated dependence on $d$. The limit that must be evaluated to rigorously establish the cluster expansion development is presented in Section~\ref{s3}. The relation of the limit of the model problem, eq~\eqref{4}, to this limit will be clear. In succeeding sections the theorem of eq~\eqref{4} is proven, taking care continuously to carry out steps as they can easily be applied to the general limit of Section~\ref{s3}. The basic strategy is to arrange $\ln Z$ as the sum of terms, chunks. Within the chunks some sums are replaced by contour integrals (in many complex variables). A single stationary point of the integrand dominates in the limit of these integrals. %% PG 6 %% \section{The Object of Study}\label{s3} We must analyze $Z^*$ \begin{equation}\label{10} Z^*=\sum_{\alpha_i}\beta(N,\mbox{$\sum$} i\alpha_i)\prod\bar{J}_i^{\alpha_i} \frac{N^{\sum\alpha_i}}{\prod(\alpha_i!)} \end{equation} This is eq~(5.24) of \cite{2}. Here the $\alpha_i, i\geq2,$ are non-negative integers and are restricted by eq~\eqref{3} \begin{equation}\label{11} \beta(N,jN)=e^{NH(p,j)} \end{equation} with \begin{equation}\label{12} \sum i\alpha_i=jN \end{equation} and \begin{align}\label{13} H(p,j) & = j\ln p+(1-2j)\ln(1-2j)+j-\frac{p}{2}\left(1-\frac{2j}p\right)\cdot \ln\left(1-\frac{2j}p\right) \\ \label{14} & \equiv j\ln p+\tilde{H}(p,j) \end{align} Eq~\eqref{11} is eq~(5.16) of \cite{2}, eq~\eqref{13} is eq~(5.17) of \cite{2}. Eq~\eqref{14} defines $\tilde{H}$. We also define $\tilde{\beta}$ \begin{equation}\label{15} \beta(N,\mbox{$\sum$}i\alpha_i)\equiv p^{\sum i\alpha_i}\tilde{\beta}(N, \mbox{$\sum$}i\alpha_i)\equiv p^{\sum i\alpha_i}e^{N\tilde{H}(p,j)} \end{equation} $Z^*$ becomes \begin{equation}\label{16} Z^*=\sum_{\alpha_i}\tilde{\beta}(N,\tsum i\alpha_i)\prod (\bar{J}_ip^iN)^{\alpha_i} \frac{1}{\prod(\alpha_i!)} \end{equation} %% PG 7 %% Sums are again restricted by \eqref{3}. One wants to study \begin{equation}\label{17} \lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{\ln Z^*}{N} \end{equation} The similarity between eq~\eqref{16} and eq~\eqref{17} and the pair of equations, eq~\eqref{2} and eq~\eqref{4}, is obvious. The $\bar{J}_i$ have a weak dependence on $N$. (They are asymptotically constant.) The desired limit of \eqref{17} we do not detail now. This limit might be found in (5.31) and (5.32) of \cite{2}, or in an entirely different form in the discussion surrounding (24)--(28) in \cite{3}, where another reference is given. %% PG 8 %% \section{From Sums to Contour Integrals}\label{s4} In the next section $Z$ or $Z^*$ from \eqref{2} or \eqref{16} will be arranged into a sum of terms called chunks. In some of these chunks there will be a designated set of indices, $\mathcal{S}$, such that a portion of the chunk is of the form \begin{equation}\label{18} \prod_{i\in\mathcal{S}}\left(\sum_{i=0}^{m_i}\frac{(J_ip^iN)^{\alpha_i}} {\alpha_i!}\right)\beta \end{equation} Here if it is $Z$ we are working with $\beta=1$, if it is $Z^*$, $J_i$ becomes $\bar{J}_i$; from now on such trivial differences will not be commented on. In \eqref{18} the other $\alpha_i$ are not summed, having been assigned certain values and $\beta$ may depend on $\alpha_i$. The $J_i$ for $i$ in $\mathcal{S}$ will be negative, it will be important to control cancellations between positive and negative terms in evaluating \eqref{18} accurately enough. This motivated the use of contour integrals. In fact dealing with $Z$ a simpler treatment is possible as will be pointed out later, but we want to use a method that applies to both $Z$ and $Z^*$. %% PG 9 %% We set $-a\equiv J_iNp^i$ and note \begin{equation}\label{19} \sum_{\alpha=0}^n\frac{(-a)^\alpha}{\alpha!}f(\alpha)= \frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_Cdz\frac{\pi}{\sin\pi z}\frac{a^z}{z!}f(z) \end{equation} where the contour $C$ is counterclockwise and contains $\{0,1,\dots,n\}$ and no other singularities of the integrand. Employing the identity \eqref{19} in \eqref{18} for all the $\alpha_i$ with $i$ in $\mathcal{S}$ we have converted all the sums in our chunk to a single multivariable contour integral. Analytic properties of $\Gamma(z)$ and $\beta$ will be dealt with later. The division of $Z$ and $Z^*$ into chunks is to convert sums from having limits as given by \eqref{3} to limits as in \eqref{19} \begin{equation}\label{20} 0\leq\alpha_i\leq m_i \end{equation} In the space of allowed $\alpha_i$ we are fitting hyper-rectangles. This messy procedure is now illucidated. It is we feel the central idea of the proof. %PG 10 %% \section{Disection into Chunks}\label{s5} We write this section in the language of $Z^*$ of \eqref{16}, changes for $Z$ of \eqref{2} trivial. We first introduce a number of parameters. There is $\tilde{M}$ \begin{equation}\label{21} \tilde{M}=\frac{pN}4 \end{equation} and $\mu_i$, for $i\geq 2$, \begin{equation}\label{22} \mu_i=\frac{1}{i^{2+\epsilon_1}} \end{equation} Each chunk is assigned a ``level'', a non-negative integer, and is either ``free'' or ``boxed''. It requires patience to develop the construction of these chunks. We let $\mathcal{P}$ be the subset of indices for which $\bar{J}_i\geq 0$ if $i\in\mathcal{P}$ and $\mathcal{N}$ be the subset for which $\bar{J}_i<0$. Each chunk has a unique $\alpha_i$ assigned to the $i\in\mathcal{P}$, say $\alpha_i=t_i$. Thus in a chunk some of the $\alpha_i$ may be summed over, but not the $\alpha_i$ with $i\in\mathcal{P}$. For any chunk we define \begin{equation}\label{23} R_0=\sum_{i\in\mathcal{P}}it_i \end{equation} \subsection*{Level-zero free chunks} A level zero chunk is uniquely specified by the set of $t_i$, $i\in\mathcal P$. If %% PG 11 %% \begin{equation}\label{24} R_0\geq \tilde{M} \end{equation} then it is a free level-zero chunk. Its precise definition is \begin{equation}\label{25} \prod_{i\in\mathcal P}(\subs(\alpha_i= t_i))\sum_{ \stackrel{\alpha_i,i\in\mathcal N}{\sum_{i\in\mathcal N}i\alpha_i \leq\frac{pN}{2}-R_0}}\tilde{\beta}(N,\sum i\alpha_i)\left( \prod_i(\bar{J}_ip^iN)^{\alpha_i}\frac{1}{\prod(\alpha_i!)}\right) \end{equation} We are using a Maple-like notation. In \eqref{25} the $\alpha_i$ for $i\in\mathcal P$ are set equal to $t_i$, and the remaining $\alpha_i$ are summed over subject to the restriction from \eqref{3}. As with all the chunks, this chunk is some subsum of the terms in \eqref{16}. Different chunks are disjoint, the union of all the chunks giving all terms in \eqref{16}. \subsection*{Level-zero boxed chunks} Here \begin{equation}\label{26} R_0<\tilde{M} \end{equation} We define $C_0$ by \begin{equation}\label{27} C_0=\sup_x\left\{x\mid\sum_{i\in\mathcal N}i\cdot \floor(x\mu_i)\leq\frac{pN}{2}-R_0\right\} \end{equation} where $\floor(\alpha)$ is the largest integer $\leq \alpha$. We %% PG 12 %% then set \begin{equation}\label{28} m_0(i)=\floor(C_0\mu_i) \end{equation} The level-zero boxed chunk defined by the $t_i$, $i\in\mathcal P$ is then \begin{equation}\label{29} \prod_{i\in\mathcal P}(\subs(\alpha_i=t_i))\sum_{\alpha_{a_1}=0}^{m_0(a_i)} \cdots\sum_{\alpha_{a_s}=0}^{m_0(a_s)}M \end{equation} Here $M$ indicates everything after the sums in \eqref{16}. $a_1,\dots,a_s$ are the indices labelling elements of $\mathcal N$. By using \eqref{27} we have found the biggest box, of a certain shape, we can insert in the sum. That is we are picking the upper limits in \eqref{29} as large as possible, with a certain fixed ratio between them The $R_0\geq\tilde M$ in the free chunk will lead to enough smallness in estimates later that one will not have to study cancellations between signed terms via the contour integrals of \eqref{19}. For the boxed chunks one will need to do so. \subsection*{Level-one chunks} The level-zero chunks fail to exhaust all terms %% PG 13 %% In \eqref{16} because of terms containing some $\alpha_i$ for some $i\in \mathcal N$ exceeding the upper limits in \eqref{29}. We give a subset $\mathcal B_1$ of $\mathcal N$ and to each $i$ in $\mathcal B_1$ we associate a $t_i$ with \begin{equation}\label{30} t_i>m_0(i) \end{equation} We call the augmented set $\mathcal B_1$ of indices and associated $t_i$, $\bar{\mathcal B}_1$. We set \begin{equation}\label{31} R_1=\sum_{i\in\mathcal B_1}it_i \end{equation} If $R_0+R_1\geq\tilde{M}$ we have the level-one free chunk given as \begin{equation}\label{32} \prod_{i\in\mathcal P\cup\mathcal B_1}(\subs(\alpha_i=t_i)) \sum_{\stackrel{a_i,i\in\mathcal N_1}{\sum_{i\in\mathcal N_1}i\alpha_i \leq\frac{pN}{2}-R_0-R_1}}M \end{equation} We have defined $\mathcal N_1=\mathcal N-\mathcal B_1$. To define the boxed chunk we define \begin{equation}\label{33} C_1=\sup_x\left\{x\mid \sum_{i\in\mathcal N_1}i\floor(x \mu_i)\leq\frac{pN}{2}- R_0-R_1\right\} \end{equation} and \begin{equation}\label{34} m_1(i)=\floor(C_1 \mu_i) \end{equation} %% PG 14%% Then the level-one boxed chunk is given as \begin{equation}\label{35} \prod_{i\in\mathcal P\cup\mathcal B_1}(\subs(\alpha_i=t_i)) \sum_{\alpha_{a_1}=0}^{m_1(a_1)}\cdots\sum_{\alpha_{a_s}=0}^{m_1(a_s)} M \end{equation} and here the $a_1,\dots,a_s$ label elements of $\mathcal N_1$. The set of $t_i$ associated to the $i$ in $\mathcal P\cup\mathcal B_1$ uniquely label the level-one chunks. \subsection*{General level chunks} We assume we have defined chunks of level-zero through level-$n$, and we will derive expressions for the level-$(n+1)$ chunks. Thus we have \begin{equation}\label{36} \mathcal N=\mathcal N_0\supset\mathcal N_1\supset \mathcal N_2\cdots\supset\mathcal N_n \end{equation} \begin{equation}\label{37} \mathcal B_i\subset \mathcal N_{i-1},\qquad i=1,2,\dots,n \end{equation} \begin{equation}\label{38} \mathcal N_i=\mathcal N_{i-1}-\mathcal B_i,\qquad i=1,2,\dots,n \end{equation} \begin{equation}\label{39} \bar{\mathcal B}_i,\qquad i=1,2,\dots,n \end{equation} That is, we have an assignment $\alpha_i=t_i$ for $i$ in each $\mathcal B_i$. We set %% PG 15 %% \begin{equation}\label{40} R_k=\sum_{i\in\mathcal B_k}it_i,\qquad k=1,2,\dots,n \end{equation} and have $C_0,C_1,\dots, C_n$ with \begin{equation}\label{41} C_k=\sup_x\left\{x\mid \sum_{i\in\mathcal N_k}i\floor(x\mu_i)\leq \frac{pN}{2}-\sum_0^kR_k\right\},\qquad k=0,1,\dots,n \end{equation} We set \begin{equation}\label{42} m_k(i)=\floor(C_k \mu_i),\qquad k=0,1,\dots,n \end{equation} and for $i$ in $\mathcal B_k$, $k=2,\dots,n$ one has \begin{equation}\label{43} m_{k-1}(i)0$. The first term in the sum for $\bar g_2$ is of the form $h$, and the sum of all the remaining terms in $\sum_{i\in\mathcal N}\bar g_i$ are majorized by this term if p is small enough. This and \eqref{104} yield \eqref{102} and finally \eqref{76}. \begin{thebibliography}{00} \bibitem{1} P.~Federbush, \emph{Computation of Terms in the Asymptotic Expansion of Dimer $\lambda_d$ for High Dimension}, Physics Letters A, 374 (2009) 131-133. \bibitem{2} P.~Federbush and S.~Friedland, \emph{An Asymptotic Expansion and Recursive Inequalities for the Monomer-Dimer Problem}, J. Stat. Phys. 143, 306 (2011). \bibitem{3} P.~Butera, P.~Federbush, and M.~Pernici, \emph{Higher-order Expansions for the Entropy of a Dimer or a Monomer-Dimer System on $d$-dimensional Lattices}, Phys. Rev. E 87, 062113 (2013). \bibitem{4} P.~Federbush, \emph{The Dimer Gas Mayer Series, the Monomer-Dimer $\lambda_d(p)$, the Federbush Relation}, \url{arXiv:1207.1252}. \bibitem{5} P.~Federbush, \emph{For the Monomer-Dimer $\lambda_d(p)$, the Master Algebraic Conjecture}, \url{arXiv:1209.0987}. \end{thebibliography} \end{document} %%%%% HOURS %%%%%% (8/28/15) 7:03 pm -- 8:34 pm Total: 1:31 (8/29/15) 3:01 am -- 3:30 am 8:21 pm -- 8:50 pm (9/1/15) 5:00 pm -- 6:00 pm (9/4/15) 5:15 pm -- 5:56 pm ---------------1509130917623--